Publication: Yöresel kaynaklarla biyogaz üretimi için deneysel çalışma
Abstract
YÖRESEL KAYNAKLARLA BİYOGAZ ÜRETİMİ İÇİN DENEYSEL ÇALIŞMA Ülkemizde özellikle son yıllarda yeniden başlayan enerji açığı, klasik enerji kaynaklarının yanında alternatif enerji kaynaklarının önemini daha da arttırmaktadır. 1970'li yıllardan itibaren ülkemizdeki üniversitelerin Ziraat, Mühendislik ve Makine Fakülteleri ile Devlet Üretim Çiftliklerinde biyogaz konusunda çok sayıda çalışma yapılarak, tesisler kurulmuş; bu arada değişik uygulamalara da gidilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; daha önce yapılan çalışmalar ve kazanılan tecrübeler ışığında, Marmara Üniversitesi, Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Makine Eğitimi Bölümü Laboratuvar ve Atölyelerinde, laboratuvar tipi bir biyogaz üretim cihazını imal etmek ve cihaz üzerinde orijinal deneyler yapmaktır. Çalışmanın ilk safhasında geniş bir literatür taraması yapılarak; dizayn edilecek cihazın mekanik, ısıl ve pompa hesapları yapılmıştır. Müteakip safhada iki ana parçadan oluşan cihazın imalat ve montajı yapılmıştır. Cihazın birinci ana parçası olan gaz üretim bölümünde, gübrenin konulduğu gaz üretim tankı, gübreyi homojen ayrıştırmak için bir bulamaç karıştırma aparat ve motoru, 5-39oC sıcaklıkta gübrenin fermante olabilmesi için bir otomatik rezistans, gaz üretim tankının içersindeki gazın ve gübrenin sıcaklığını ölçmek için bir termometre, üretilen gazın basıncını ölçmek için bir barometre, gübrenin su ihtiyacını karşılamak için su ekleme borusu, gaz üretim tankının içerisindeki gazın miktarını ölçmek için gaz sayacı, üretilen gazın gazometreye alınması ve gazın geri dönmemesi için gaz çıkış borusu ve çekvalf, gaz üretim tankında üretilen gazın boru ve sayaçdan geçtikten sonra toplandığı depo olan gazometre bulunmaktadır. Cihazın ikinci ana parçası olan gaz depolama bölümünde ise; gazın yüksek basınçta depolandığı yüksek basınçlı gaz tankı, gazometrede biriken gazı yüksek basınçlı gaz tankına gönderen mini gaz pompası, gazın basıncını ölçen barometre, tankdaki gaz kullanıldığı zaman ateşin geri tepmemesi için kullanılan, yarı hacmi su ile dolu olan emniyet tüpü bulunmaktadır. Biyogaz üretim cihazında yapılan deneylerde, cihaza konulan gübrenin sıcaklığı, nemi ve miktarına bağlı olarak gerekli olan ısı, su ve basınç kontrol altında tutularak, bulamacın oksijensiz ortamda aneoribik fermantasyonu sonucunda CH4 elde edilmiş; bu gaz sayaçdan geçerek gazometreye toplanmış; gazometre gerekli dolum ve basınca ulaştığı zaman mini gaz pompası yardımı ile gaz, yüksek basınçlı gaz tankına gönderilmiş ve sonra emniyet tüpünden geçirilerek kullanıma alınmıştır. Gübre olarak büyük-küçük baş hayvanlar ve tavuk gübreleri; su olarak normal su ve literatürde ilk defa olarak Van Gölü Suyu kullanılmıştır. Van Gölü Suyu'nun sodalı ve bazik olması; bulamaçdaki baz ve asit dengesinin otomatik olarak sağlanmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Yapılan çalışma; imalatı yapılan biyogaz üretim cihazının gerek üniversitelerde bilimsel çalışmalarda, gerekse ticari kuruluşlarda rahatlıkla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Haziran, 2003A. Celil BUĞUTEKİN
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR BIYOGAS PRODUCTION BY USING LOCAL SOURCES In our country, the energy necessity which has recently begun especially in last years has increased the importance of alternative energy resources in respect of the classical energy resources. A lot of studies have been made in the faculties of Agriculture, Engineering and Mechanical Engineering of our country's universities and in the State Production Farms since the 1970's years and so many foundations have been established and mean-while different applications have been done, also. The aim of this study is to make a laboratory type biogas production equipment in the laboratories and the workshops of Mechanical Education Department of Technical Education Faculty of Marmara University in direction of works and experiences done before and to do some original experiments with this equipment. At the first time, the mechanic, thermal and the pump calculations of the equipment that will be designed were done by scanning the literature on a vast scale. Then, the manufacturing and the montage of the equipment consisted of two main parts have been done. The gas production department which is the first main part of the equipment contains the following parts; a gas production tank for storing the manure, a manure-water mixing apparatus and motor for decomposing the manure homogeneously, an automatic resistance for fermentation of the manure at 5-390C, a thermometer for measuring the temperatures of the gas inside of the gas production tank and the manure, a barometer for measuring the pressure of the gas producted, a water-addition pipe for receiving the water necessity of manure, a gas counter to measure the mass of gas in the gas production tank, a gas exit pipe and a check-valve for taking the gas to the gasometer and preventing the gas to return the tank, a gasometer which stores the gas. The gas storing department which is the second main part of the equipment consists of a high-pressure gas-tank for storing the gas in a high pressure, mini-gas pump be used for passing the gas to the high pressure gas tank from the gasometer, a barometer for measuring the pressure of gas, a safety-tube full with water on a half volume used for protecting the equipment against fire. At the experiments done on the biogas production equipment, by controlling the heat, water and pressure that are necessary for and also attached to the temperature, the humidity and the amount of manure in the equipment; first of all, CH4 has been obtained in the result of aneoribic fermentation of mixture on the oxygen-free medium. This gas has been stored to the gasometer by passing from the gas counter. When the gasometer has reached the required full-level and the pressure, the gas has been sent to the high pressure gas tank by means of a mini-gas pump and then got in use by passing from the safety-tube. As a manure; the manures of cattle, sheep and hen and also as a water; the normal water and the water of Van Lake have been used firstly in the literature. Being soda and basic of the water of Van Lake have helped to provide the basic and acidic equilibrium of the mixture automatically. This work shows that the biogas production equipment manufactured can easily be used both in the academic researches of the universities and also in the commercial agents.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR BIYOGAS PRODUCTION BY USING LOCAL SOURCES In our country, the energy necessity which has recently begun especially in last years has increased the importance of alternative energy resources in respect of the classical energy resources. A lot of studies have been made in the faculties of Agriculture, Engineering and Mechanical Engineering of our country's universities and in the State Production Farms since the 1970's years and so many foundations have been established and mean-while different applications have been done, also. The aim of this study is to make a laboratory type biogas production equipment in the laboratories and the workshops of Mechanical Education Department of Technical Education Faculty of Marmara University in direction of works and experiences done before and to do some original experiments with this equipment. At the first time, the mechanic, thermal and the pump calculations of the equipment that will be designed were done by scanning the literature on a vast scale. Then, the manufacturing and the montage of the equipment consisted of two main parts have been done. The gas production department which is the first main part of the equipment contains the following parts; a gas production tank for storing the manure, a manure-water mixing apparatus and motor for decomposing the manure homogeneously, an automatic resistance for fermentation of the manure at 5-390C, a thermometer for measuring the temperatures of the gas inside of the gas production tank and the manure, a barometer for measuring the pressure of the gas producted, a water-addition pipe for receiving the water necessity of manure, a gas counter to measure the mass of gas in the gas production tank, a gas exit pipe and a check-valve for taking the gas to the gasometer and preventing the gas to return the tank, a gasometer which stores the gas. The gas storing department which is the second main part of the equipment consists of a high-pressure gas-tank for storing the gas in a high pressure, mini-gas pump be used for passing the gas to the high pressure gas tank from the gasometer, a barometer for measuring the pressure of gas, a safety-tube full with water on a half volume used for protecting the equipment against fire. At the experiments done on the biogas production equipment, by controlling the heat, water and pressure that are necessary for and also attached to the temperature, the humidity and the amount of manure in the equipment; first of all, CH4 has been obtained in the result of aneoribic fermentation of mixture on the oxygen-free medium. This gas has been stored to the gasometer by passing from the gas counter. When the gasometer has reached the required full-level and the pressure, the gas has been sent to the high pressure gas tank by means of a mini-gas pump and then got in use by passing from the safety-tube. As a manure; the manures of cattle, sheep and hen and also as a water; the normal water and the water of Van Lake have been used firstly in the literature. Being soda and basic of the water of Van Lake have helped to provide the basic and acidic equilibrium of the mixture automatically. This work shows that the biogas production equipment manufactured can easily be used both in the academic researches of the universities and also in the commercial agents.