Publication: Türk müziği edvarları ve nazariyat kitaplarında usûl anlayışı
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı-Türk müzik geleneğine kaynaklık eden müzik teorisiüzerine yazılmış başlıca kaynaklardan hareketle, Türk Mûsikîsinde Usûl anlayışının tarihîseyrini bazı kavramlar ve unsurlar üzerinde durarak ana hatlarıyla göstermekamaçlanmıştır.Giriş ve iki bölüm olmak üzere üç ana bölümden oluşan bu çalışmaya konu teşkileden usûl’ün îkâ geleneğinin bir devamı olması sebebiyle, îkâ’nın unsurlarına, girişbölümünde bir özet dahilinde değinilmiş, yeni usûl anlayışıyla ilgili ilk bilgileri ihtivaeden Ali Ufkî Bey’in eserlerinden yine giriş bölümünde söz edilmiştir.Çalışmamız usûl kavramının teorik eserlerdeki anlayışına yönelik olduğu için;ikinci bölümde, terimin yeni heceleri ihtiva edecek şekilde bir teorik eserde ilk kezgörüldüğü XVIII. yüzyıldan bugüne kaleme alınmış olan ondört teorik eserin içerisindekiusulle ilgili bölümler incelenmiş, üçüncü bölümde ise, incelenen bu ondört eserdeki usûl,darp, îkâ, devir, ölçü, düzüm gibi kavramlara ilişkin tanımlar ve uygulama biçimleriayrıca usullerin bir başka unsuru olan mertebe meselesine dair anlatımlarkarşılaştırılmıştır. Usûl konusunda özellikle XIX. yüzyıl sonları ve XX. yüzyıldaki batımüziği etkisiyle meydana getirilmiş temellendirmeler ve bazı tasnifler üzerindekitartışmalara değinilerek, usûl anlayışında yaşanan kırılmalar söz konusu eserler üzerindençözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
In this study, based on the main sources written on the music theory that originatedfrom the Ottoman-Turkish music tradition, it is aimed to outline the historical course ofthe Usûl perception in Turkish Music by emphasizing some concepts and elements.This study consists of three main sections: Introduction and two main sections.The rhythmic patterns of the Ottoman music until the sixteenth century was called as“iqa” . After the sixteenth century, the multiplication, in terms of both naming andunderstanding, is observable. In this process, the term “usûl” has started to be used insteadof “iqa”. Since the main subject of our study is “usûl”, the concept of “iqa” is examinedonly in the introduction part.Because this study targets the perception of usûl in theoretical works, in thesecond section, fourteen theoretical works (in which the term was firstly appeared) sincethe eighteenth century were examined. In the third part, aforementioned fourteen workshave been compared according to the definitions and the applications of the concepts,such as usûl, düzüm, iqa, period, measure and order as well as the explanations aboutthe mertebe issue which is another key element of the usûls. [In thiscourse/ period, thediscussions on some of the classifications and justifications created by the influence ofwestern music, especially in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, are mentionedand these elements have been studied comparatively. The ruptures experienced due to thewesternization in this period were attempted to be analyzed through the aforementionedworks.
In this study, based on the main sources written on the music theory that originatedfrom the Ottoman-Turkish music tradition, it is aimed to outline the historical course ofthe Usûl perception in Turkish Music by emphasizing some concepts and elements.This study consists of three main sections: Introduction and two main sections.The rhythmic patterns of the Ottoman music until the sixteenth century was called as“iqa” . After the sixteenth century, the multiplication, in terms of both naming andunderstanding, is observable. In this process, the term “usûl” has started to be used insteadof “iqa”. Since the main subject of our study is “usûl”, the concept of “iqa” is examinedonly in the introduction part.Because this study targets the perception of usûl in theoretical works, in thesecond section, fourteen theoretical works (in which the term was firstly appeared) sincethe eighteenth century were examined. In the third part, aforementioned fourteen workshave been compared according to the definitions and the applications of the concepts,such as usûl, düzüm, iqa, period, measure and order as well as the explanations aboutthe mertebe issue which is another key element of the usûls. [In thiscourse/ period, thediscussions on some of the classifications and justifications created by the influence ofwestern music, especially in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, are mentionedand these elements have been studied comparatively. The ruptures experienced due to thewesternization in this period were attempted to be analyzed through the aforementionedworks.
Description
Keywords
darp, düzüm, îkâ, iqa, measure, mertebe, Music, Turkish, Müzik, Türk, Ottoman music, ölçü, Rhythmic cycles, usul, Usûl
