Publication: Ulusalüstü insan hakları hukukunda kadının siyasal hakları
Abstract
ÖZETULUSALÜSTÜ İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKUNDAKADININ SİYASAL HAKLARISiyasal haklar, devlet yönetimine katılımı ve siyasal iktidarın siyasal katılım yoluyla denetlenmesini sağlayan haklardır. Bu bağlamda siyasal haklar, demokratik ilkeleri hayata geçirebilecek olan haklardır. Siyasal haklar, özellikle 17. yüzyılda talep edilmeye başlanmıştır. 18. yüzyılda ise Amerikan ve Fransız Devrimleri ile siyasal hakların güvence altına alınmasını sağlayan ilk belgeler ortaya çıkmıştır. 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda siyasal haklarını kullanmak isteyen ve bunu başaranlar içerisinde, kadınlar yer almamaktadır. Dolayısıyla “kadınların siyasal hakları” siyasal hakların gelişiminden ayrıca değerlendirilmeye muhtaç kalmıştır. Kadınlar, ancak 20. yüzyılda oy haklarını elde edebilmişlerdir. Kadınların siyasal hakları konusundaki sorunlar, tarihsel bir değerlendirme konusu olarak kalmamaktadır. Günümüzde de farklı boyutları ile siyasal katılım, kamusal alanda yer alma ve dolayısıyla siyasal haklardan yararlanma konusunda, kadınlar ve erkekler arasında tam bir eşitlik sağlanmış değildir. Bu doğrultuda evrensel ve bölgesel düzeydeki insan hakları örgütleri de kadınların siyasal haklarını çeşitli çalışmaları ile ele almakta ve ortaya çıkan gelişim ya da eksiklikleri izlemektedir.Bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde kadınların siyasal haklarının ayrıca ele alınmasının gereği tarihsel veriler ortaya konularak açıklanmıştır. Birinci bölümde kavramsal açıklamalara yer verilmekle beraber feminist hareketler, kadınların siyasal haklarını ulusal düzeyde kazanmaları ve bu hakların ulusalüstü alanda koruma bulması konularına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise ulusalüstü insan hakları hukukundaki kadınların siyasal haklarına ilişkin düzenlemeler incelenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Konseyi, Avrupa Birliği, Amerikan Devletleri Örgütü ve Afrika Birliği belgeleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın soniibölümünde ise Türkiye’de kadınların siyasal hakları konusu özel olarak incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda hem taraf olunan ulusalüstü sözleşmeler hem de ulusal mevzuat incelenmiş ve Anayasa Mahkemesi ile Danıştay kararları üzerinde durulmuştur.
ABSTRACTWOMAN’S POLITICAL RIGHTSIN THE SUPRANATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAWPolitical rights are rights that enable participation in the state administration and control of political power through political participation. In this context, political rights are rights that can put democratic principles into practice. Political rights began to be demanded especially in the 17th century. In the 18th century, with the American and French Revolutions, the first documents that ensure political rights have emerged. In the 17th and 18th centuries, women were not among the individuals who wanted to use their political rights and achieved this. Therefore, the “political rights of women” need to be evaluated separately from the development of political rights. It was only in the 20th century that women could obtain their voting rights. Problems regarding women’s political rights do not remain a matter of historical consideration. Nowadays, in terms of political participation with different dimensions, taking part in the public sphere and thus benefiting political rights, there is no full equality between women and men. In this direction, human rights organizations at the universal and regional level also deal with the political rights of women with their various studies and observe the emerging developments or deficiencies.In the first part of this study, the necessity of examining women’s political rights separately was explained by presenting historical data. In the first part, while the conceptual explanations were given, feminist movements, women’s gaining their political rights at the national level and the protection of these rights in the supranational field were also included. In the second part of the study, regulations on women’s political rights in supranational human rights law were examined and analyzed. In this context, the documents of the United Nations, the Council of Europe,ivthe European Union, the Organization of American States and the African Union were discussed. In the last part of the study the political rights of women in Turkey was examined as a separate subject. Within this scope both the supranational conventions to which the state is a party and the national legislation were examined and the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Council of State were emphasized.
ABSTRACTWOMAN’S POLITICAL RIGHTSIN THE SUPRANATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAWPolitical rights are rights that enable participation in the state administration and control of political power through political participation. In this context, political rights are rights that can put democratic principles into practice. Political rights began to be demanded especially in the 17th century. In the 18th century, with the American and French Revolutions, the first documents that ensure political rights have emerged. In the 17th and 18th centuries, women were not among the individuals who wanted to use their political rights and achieved this. Therefore, the “political rights of women” need to be evaluated separately from the development of political rights. It was only in the 20th century that women could obtain their voting rights. Problems regarding women’s political rights do not remain a matter of historical consideration. Nowadays, in terms of political participation with different dimensions, taking part in the public sphere and thus benefiting political rights, there is no full equality between women and men. In this direction, human rights organizations at the universal and regional level also deal with the political rights of women with their various studies and observe the emerging developments or deficiencies.In the first part of this study, the necessity of examining women’s political rights separately was explained by presenting historical data. In the first part, while the conceptual explanations were given, feminist movements, women’s gaining their political rights at the national level and the protection of these rights in the supranational field were also included. In the second part of the study, regulations on women’s political rights in supranational human rights law were examined and analyzed. In this context, the documents of the United Nations, the Council of Europe,ivthe European Union, the Organization of American States and the African Union were discussed. In the last part of the study the political rights of women in Turkey was examined as a separate subject. Within this scope both the supranational conventions to which the state is a party and the national legislation were examined and the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Council of State were emphasized.
Description
Keywords
gender mainstreaming, Hukuk, Human rights, İnsan hakları, Kadın hakları, kadınların insan hakları, Kamu hukuku, Law, Political rights, Public law, Siyasal haklar, supranational human rights law, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, ulusalüstü insan hakları hukuku political rights, women’s human rights, Women's rights