Publication: (1844-45 tarihli temettüat defterleri çerçevesinde) Tanzimat dönemi Yozgat kasabasının sosyo- ekonomik yapısı
Abstract
1844-45 tarihlerinde tutulan temettüat defterlerine dayanarak Tanzimat dönemi Yozgat kazasının sosyo ekonomik yapısı hakkında bir değerlendirme yaptık. Birinci bölümde Yozgat'ın tarihi gelişimi incelendi. Osmanlı öncesi ve Osmanlı dönemi Yozgat tarihi ayrı ayrı ele alındı. Yörede Osmanlı zamanına kadar 17 ayrı devletin hükümranlığı olduğu tespit edildi. İkinci bölümde; Yozgat'ın ekonomik yapısı incelendi. Ekonomik yapıyı oluşturan tarım, hayvancılık, ulaşım ve ticaret, ayrıca esnaf ve zanaatlar incelendi. Sektörlerin genel ekonomik yapı içindeki yerleri ortaya kondu. Bu bölümdeki incelemelerin sonucunda Yozgat ekonomisinin köy- kent birleşimi bir yapıda olduğu, bu durumun ise Osmanlı kasabalarının genel ekonomik yapıları ile örtüştüğü ortaya kondu. Ekonomik yapı içinde işgücü dağılımı ele alındı. İş gücünü oluşturan 10 ayrı zümrenin varlığı ve etkinlikleri incelendi. Ayrıca ekonomik yapının devlete bakan yönü ile ilgili olarak vergi miktarı, çeşitleri ve kendi aralarındaki oran ortaya kondu. Buna göre devletin Yozgat halkından dört çeşit vergi tahsili yaptığı ve tahsil edilen vergilerin toplamının yıllık gelirin %10'luk kısmına denk geldiği tespit edildi. Ayrıca Gayrimüslimlerin cizye vergisinden dolayı Müslümanlara göre daha fazla vergi ödedikleri ortaya kondu. Üçüncü bölümde; Sosyal yapı ele alındı. Sosyal yapıyı oluşturan etkenler incelendi. Buna göre Yozgat'ın nüfus yapısı, yerleşim durumu ve sosyal guruplar arasındaki ilişkiler incelendi. Sonuç olarak; Yozgat 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında siyasi bir tercih ile kasaba haline gelen, iklim ve coğrafik yapı nedeniyle tarım ve hayvancılığın yapıldığı, bunun yanında özellikle Gayrimüslimler tarafından zanaat ve ticaretin genel yapıda yerinin oluşturulduğu, gelir durumunun orta seviyede olduğu, ticaret yolları üzerinde olmamasından dolayı içe dönük bir ekonomiye sahip olduğu, Tanzimat ile birlikte yeni düzenlemelerin uygulanmaya çalışıldığı bir Anadolu kasabasıdır.
We evaluated socio-economic state of Yozgat during Tanzimat Period, according to the dividend books which were kept between 1844-45. In the first section we studied Yozgat's historical development. History of Yozgat as Before Osmanlı and during Osmanlı Period were studied separately. We have discovered that there were 17 different state sovereignty up to Osmanlı time. In the second section ; we studied Yozgat's economic state. We evaluated agriculture, transportation and trade, separately small scale traders and crafts were examined. General state of sectors in the economy were determined. As a result of those findings, we have denoted that Yozgat had a composition of village-city economic structure, and this situation showed that Yozgat's economy has general characteristics of other Osmanlı villages. The labour distrubition in the economy is also studied. Existence and activities of ten different categories of labour is examined. Also, government related view of economy as tax amount, variety and their inter-ratios were denoted. According to these findings, we reached that government collected four kinds of taxes from Yozgat and these taxes were equal to %10 percent of all their income. But also we discovered that non-Muslims gave more tax than Muslims because of cizye tax. In the third section ; We evaluated social state. We have studied the factors that form the social state. According to that, Yozgat's demographic situation, settlement and relations between the social groups were evaluated. As conclusion ; Yozgat is a small Anadolu town which had been a town because of political reasons in the second half of 18th century. Because of its climate, agriculture and stock raising is dominant, besides especially non-Muslims have important effect in trade and small scale trailer in general economic structure. Level of income is of middling. Yozgat has an interior economic situation because of being away from trade routes. Together with Tanzimat, new regulations were tried to be applied here as all other Anatolian towns.
We evaluated socio-economic state of Yozgat during Tanzimat Period, according to the dividend books which were kept between 1844-45. In the first section we studied Yozgat's historical development. History of Yozgat as Before Osmanlı and during Osmanlı Period were studied separately. We have discovered that there were 17 different state sovereignty up to Osmanlı time. In the second section ; we studied Yozgat's economic state. We evaluated agriculture, transportation and trade, separately small scale traders and crafts were examined. General state of sectors in the economy were determined. As a result of those findings, we have denoted that Yozgat had a composition of village-city economic structure, and this situation showed that Yozgat's economy has general characteristics of other Osmanlı villages. The labour distrubition in the economy is also studied. Existence and activities of ten different categories of labour is examined. Also, government related view of economy as tax amount, variety and their inter-ratios were denoted. According to these findings, we reached that government collected four kinds of taxes from Yozgat and these taxes were equal to %10 percent of all their income. But also we discovered that non-Muslims gave more tax than Muslims because of cizye tax. In the third section ; We evaluated social state. We have studied the factors that form the social state. According to that, Yozgat's demographic situation, settlement and relations between the social groups were evaluated. As conclusion ; Yozgat is a small Anadolu town which had been a town because of political reasons in the second half of 18th century. Because of its climate, agriculture and stock raising is dominant, besides especially non-Muslims have important effect in trade and small scale trailer in general economic structure. Level of income is of middling. Yozgat has an interior economic situation because of being away from trade routes. Together with Tanzimat, new regulations were tried to be applied here as all other Anatolian towns.