Publication: Evaluation of the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor in the diabetes-induced alzheimer's model
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Abstract
Amaç: Bu tezde, empagliflozin ve vildagliptin’in hem ayrı ayrı hem de birlikte uygulandıklarında, Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)’ye bağlı oluşan Alzheimer hastalığı (AH) sıçan modelindeki nöroprotektif etkileri ve potansiyel mekanizmalarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamızda kırk Sprague-Dawley sıçanı kontrol ve AH gruplarına ayrılmıştır. T2DM, dört haftalık yüksek yağlı diyet (YYD)’in ardından düşük doz streptozotosin (STZ) uygulamasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Tedavi gruplarına son dört hafta boyunca sırasıyla Empagliflozin, Vildagliptin ve her ikisi birlikte uygulanmıştır. Sıçanların diyabetik durumları haftalık kan glukoz ölçümü ve oral glukoz testi ile değerlendirilirken; bilişsel performansları; açık alan, yeni nesne tanıma, pasif kaçınma ve Morris su tankı testleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: STZ uygulaması sonrası vücut ağırlıkları gruplar arasında benzer bulunmuştur. AH modeli sıçanlarda belirgin hiperglisemi ve glukoz intoleransı gözlenmiş; vildagliptin ile kısmen iyileşme, empagliflozin ile daha belirgin düzeltme sağlanmış ve kombinasyon tedavisi ile glukoz düzeyleri tam olarak normal düzeye dönmüştür. AH grubundaki anksiyete benzeri davranış ve tanıma belleği bozuklukları her bir monoterapi ile kısmen gerilerken, kombinasyon tedavisi ile tamamen düzeltilmiştir. Pasif kaçınma ve mekânsal öğrenme bozuklukları da benzer bir seyir izlemiş ve kombinasyon tedavisi en yüksek fayda sağlanmıştır. Sonuç: Dual DPP-4/ SGLT2 inhibisyonu, YYD+düşük doz STZ sıçan modelinde glisemiyi en etkili şekilde normalize etmiş ve tanıma belleği, kısa süreli ve mekânsal öğrenmeyi ilaçların tek başlarına uygulanmalarına kıyasla daha iyi düzelterek sinerjistik nöroprotektif potansiyeli ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, T2DM’ye bağlı bilişsel gerileme için kombine tedavinin mekanistik ve translasyonel çalışmalarını haklı çıkarmaktadır.
Objective: In this thesis, it was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of empagliflozin and vildagliptin, both individually and in combination, in a rat model of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-induced Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Material and Methods: In our study, forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and experimental (AH) groups. T2DM was induced by a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection following four weeks of high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. The treatment groups received Empagliflozin, Vildagliptin, or a combination of both drugs for last four weeks. The diabetic status of the rats was monitored through weekly blood glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests. Cognitive performance was assessed using the open field, novel object recognition, passive avoidance, and Morris’ water maze tests. Results: Body weight was similar across groups post-STZ. AH rats showed marked hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, modestly improved by vildagliptin, more by empagliflozin, and fully normalized by the combination. Anxiety-like behavior and recognition-memory deficits in AH animals were partially reversed by each monotherapy and fully rescued by combination treatment. Passive avoidance and spatial learning impairments followed the same pattern, with dual therapy yielding the greatest benefit. Conclusion: Dual DPP-4/ SGLT2 inhibition in the T2DM-induced AD rat model most effectively normalized glycemia and rescued anxiety-like behavior, recognition memory, and spatial learning versus single agents, highlighting synergistic neuroprotective potential. These findings justify further mechanistic and translational studies of combined therapy for diabetes-related cognitive decline.
Objective: In this thesis, it was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of empagliflozin and vildagliptin, both individually and in combination, in a rat model of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-induced Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Material and Methods: In our study, forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and experimental (AH) groups. T2DM was induced by a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection following four weeks of high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. The treatment groups received Empagliflozin, Vildagliptin, or a combination of both drugs for last four weeks. The diabetic status of the rats was monitored through weekly blood glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests. Cognitive performance was assessed using the open field, novel object recognition, passive avoidance, and Morris’ water maze tests. Results: Body weight was similar across groups post-STZ. AH rats showed marked hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, modestly improved by vildagliptin, more by empagliflozin, and fully normalized by the combination. Anxiety-like behavior and recognition-memory deficits in AH animals were partially reversed by each monotherapy and fully rescued by combination treatment. Passive avoidance and spatial learning impairments followed the same pattern, with dual therapy yielding the greatest benefit. Conclusion: Dual DPP-4/ SGLT2 inhibition in the T2DM-induced AD rat model most effectively normalized glycemia and rescued anxiety-like behavior, recognition memory, and spatial learning versus single agents, highlighting synergistic neuroprotective potential. These findings justify further mechanistic and translational studies of combined therapy for diabetes-related cognitive decline.
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Keywords
Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer hastalığı, Alzheimer’s disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dipeptidil peptidaz-4 inhibitörü, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, Sodyum–glukoz kotransporter-2 inhibitörü, Şeker Hastalığı, Tip 2, Tip 2 diyabet mellitus, Type 2 diabetes mellitus
