Publication: Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir'in Geleneğin İhyasına Dönük Okuma Felsefesi ve Metodolojisi
Abstract
Kelâm-ı ilâhî’nin nüzulünü takip eden yüzyıllarda rivayet ve tedvin faaliyetleriyle
eş zamanlı olarak İslâmî ilimlerde birçok çalışmaya imza atılmıştır. Bir yandan
Kur’an’ın muhtevasını yorumlamak diğer yandan ise vahiy dilinin ayırt edici
özelliklerini tespit etmek amacıyla farklı disiplinlerde azımsanmayacak kemiyet
ve nitelikte eserler telif edilmiştir. Erken dönemde kaleme alınan ve geleneğin ilk
halkasını oluşturan bu eserler, konjonktürün de etkisiyle çoğu yerde açıklanmaya
muhtaç kısa ve öz ifadeler içermektedir. Her ne kadar sonraki dönemlerde anlama
ve anlamlandırma noktasında şerh türünden çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da söz
konusu eserlerin veciz oluşu, günümüz araştırmacılarını zorlamaktadır. Nitekim
vahiy dilinin anlaşılması için erken dönemde kaleme alınan edebî eserlerin
okunması, yorumlanması, anlaşılması ve anlamlandırılması günümüz
araştırmacılarının karşılaştığı problemlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu eserleri
okumak için nereden ve nasıl başlanacağı, mütekellimin açıklamalarının nasıl
yorumlanacağı ve okurken nasıl bir yol izleneceği araştırmacının zihnini meşgul
eden problemlerden sadece birkaçıdır. Bunların yanı sıra araştırma sırasında; şiir
ve metinleri yorumlamada genelgeçer esaslar var mıdır? Eserin içeriğinden
hareketle müellifin zihin dünyasına ulaşmak mümkün müdür? Sözün arka planı
var mıdır? gibi birçok soru gündeme gelmektedir. İslam Medeniyeti’nin erken
dönemine yönelik çalışmaların arttığı 20. yüzyılda araştırmacıların klasik
metinleri tetkik etmede karşılaştıkları zorlukları gözlemleyen Mısırlı edebiyatçı
Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir (öl. 1997), özgün düşünsel üretimi nitelik ve nicelik
yönüyle işlevsel hâle getirebilmek ve geleneği yeniden okumak için -yine bu
medeniyetten neşet etmiş olan- özgün bir okuma metodunun elzem olduğunu
belirtmiştir. Bu yüzden Batı menşeli metotların benimsenmesine karşı çıkmıştır.
Metinlerin şerh ve tahlilini esas alan Batı eksenli metotların yukarıdaki sorulara
cevap bulmada kayda değer bir katkı sunmadığını belirten Şâkir’e göre metinlerin
yorumlanmasının yegâne yolu onların tezevvuk edilmesinden, diğer bir anlatımla
tadılmasından geçmektedir. Tezevvuk adını verdiği metodu metinlere uygulayan
Şâkir, geleneği sağlıklı bir şekilde yorumlayarak revize etme sırrının ilmî usul ve
esaslara mebni dil zevkinden geçtiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu açıklamalardan hareketle bu çalışmada Şâkir’in metinleri yorumlamadaki söz konusu metodu ve
okuma felsefesi irdelendi. Metodun mahiyetine girmeden önce Şâkir’i böyle bir
metodu uygulamaya iten saikler üzerinde duruldu. Konuyla ilgili teorik ve pratik
boyutta kaleme alınan eserlerden hareketle metodun yapısı, unsurları ve işleyişi
ele alındı. Bu hususta metodun teorik yönünün pratiğe döküldüğü Şâkir’in el-
Mütenebbî ve Namat Sa‘b ve namat muhîf adlı eserleri üzerinde özellikle duruldu.
Bunların yanı sıra çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak birçok klasik metne
uygulanan metodun araştırmacı ve okuyucuya sağladığı kazanımlar örnekler
aracılığıyla izah edildi. Metodun müspet ve menfi yönlerine vurgu yapılan
çalışmada Şâkir’in beslendiği kaynaklar tespit edilmeye çalışılarak bunların
geleneği yorumlamada günümüz araştırmacılarına ne tür katkılar sağlayabileceği
de ayrıca kritik edildi. Böylece çalışmada söz konusu kritikten elde edilen
bulgular, “Böyle bir metoda ihtiyaç var mıdır?” sorusu çerçevesinde
değerlendirilerek bazı önerilerde bulunuldu.
In the centuries following the revelation of the Divine Word, many studies were carried out in Islamic sciences simultaneously with the narrative and literary activities. On the one hand, in order to interpret the content of the Qur'an and, on the other hand, to determine the distinctive features of the language of revelation, a substantial amount and quality of works were written in different disciplines. These works, which were written in the early period, which constitute the first ring of the tradition, contain short and concise expressions that need to be explained in most places, with the influence of the conjuncture. Although there have been studies on understanding and interpretation in the later periods, the conciseness of the works in question compels today's researchers. Reading, interpreting, understanding, and making sense of literary works written in the early period to understand the language of revelation and Arabic more accurately is one of the problems faced by today's researchers. Where and how to start reading these works, how to interpret the explanations of the theologian, and how to follow a path while reading are just some of the problems that put the researcher in a difficult situation. In addition, many questions such as the following arise during the research: “Are there general principles in interpreting poems and texts? Is it possible to reach the author's mind based on the content of the work? Is there a background to the word?”. Egyptian literary scholar Mahmoud Mohamed Shakir (d. 1997), observing the difficulties faced by researchers in examining classical texts in the 20th century, when studies on the early period of Islamic Civilization increased, opposed the adoption of Westernbased methods in re-reading tradition to make original intellectual production functional in terms of quality and quantity. According to Shakir, who stated that the Western-oriented methods based on the commentary and analysis of the texts did not make a significant contribution to finding answers to the above questions, the only way to interpret the texts is to savor them, in other words, to taste them. Shakir, who applies the method he calls “tazawwuq to the texts”, emphasizes that the secret of revising the tradition by interpreting it correctly is the taste of language. Based on these explanations, Shakir's method of interpreting the texts and his reading philosophy were examined in this study. Before going into the nature of the method, the motives that pushed Shakir to apply such a method were emphasized. The structure, elements, and functioning of the method were discussed based on the theoretical and practical works on the subject. In this regard, the works of Shakir named al-Mutanabi and Namat Sha‘b ve Namat Muhīf, which contain the original version of the method, were especially emphasized. In addition to these, in accordance with the purpose of the study, the benefits of the method applied to many classical texts to the researcher and the reader were explained through examples. In the study, which emphasized the positive and negative aspects of the method, the sources that Shakir was fed were tried to be determined, and what kind of contributions they could provide to today's researchers in interpreting the tradition was also questioned. Thus, the findings obtained as a result of the questioning in the study were evaluated within the framework of the following question: “Is there a need for such a method?” and some suggestions were made after the evaluations related to this question. Keywords: Arabic Language and Rhetoric, Classical Arabic Literature, Mahmoud Mohamed Shaker, Tradition, Methodology, Method of Tazawwuq
In the centuries following the revelation of the Divine Word, many studies were carried out in Islamic sciences simultaneously with the narrative and literary activities. On the one hand, in order to interpret the content of the Qur'an and, on the other hand, to determine the distinctive features of the language of revelation, a substantial amount and quality of works were written in different disciplines. These works, which were written in the early period, which constitute the first ring of the tradition, contain short and concise expressions that need to be explained in most places, with the influence of the conjuncture. Although there have been studies on understanding and interpretation in the later periods, the conciseness of the works in question compels today's researchers. Reading, interpreting, understanding, and making sense of literary works written in the early period to understand the language of revelation and Arabic more accurately is one of the problems faced by today's researchers. Where and how to start reading these works, how to interpret the explanations of the theologian, and how to follow a path while reading are just some of the problems that put the researcher in a difficult situation. In addition, many questions such as the following arise during the research: “Are there general principles in interpreting poems and texts? Is it possible to reach the author's mind based on the content of the work? Is there a background to the word?”. Egyptian literary scholar Mahmoud Mohamed Shakir (d. 1997), observing the difficulties faced by researchers in examining classical texts in the 20th century, when studies on the early period of Islamic Civilization increased, opposed the adoption of Westernbased methods in re-reading tradition to make original intellectual production functional in terms of quality and quantity. According to Shakir, who stated that the Western-oriented methods based on the commentary and analysis of the texts did not make a significant contribution to finding answers to the above questions, the only way to interpret the texts is to savor them, in other words, to taste them. Shakir, who applies the method he calls “tazawwuq to the texts”, emphasizes that the secret of revising the tradition by interpreting it correctly is the taste of language. Based on these explanations, Shakir's method of interpreting the texts and his reading philosophy were examined in this study. Before going into the nature of the method, the motives that pushed Shakir to apply such a method were emphasized. The structure, elements, and functioning of the method were discussed based on the theoretical and practical works on the subject. In this regard, the works of Shakir named al-Mutanabi and Namat Sha‘b ve Namat Muhīf, which contain the original version of the method, were especially emphasized. In addition to these, in accordance with the purpose of the study, the benefits of the method applied to many classical texts to the researcher and the reader were explained through examples. In the study, which emphasized the positive and negative aspects of the method, the sources that Shakir was fed were tried to be determined, and what kind of contributions they could provide to today's researchers in interpreting the tradition was also questioned. Thus, the findings obtained as a result of the questioning in the study were evaluated within the framework of the following question: “Is there a need for such a method?” and some suggestions were made after the evaluations related to this question. Keywords: Arabic Language and Rhetoric, Classical Arabic Literature, Mahmoud Mohamed Shaker, Tradition, Methodology, Method of Tazawwuq
Description
Keywords
Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler, Social Sciences and Humanities, Sosyal Bilimler (SOC), Social Sciences (SOC), Arap Dili ve Belagati, Klasik Arap Edebiyatı, Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir, Gelenek, Metodoloji, Tezevvuk Metodu, Arabic Language and Rhetoric, Classical Arabic Literature, Mahmoud Mohamed Shaker, Tradition, Methodology, Method of Tazawwuq
Citation
Araz İ., \"Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir'in Geleneğin İhyasına Dönük Okuma Felsefesi ve Metodolojisi (Mahmoud Mohamed Shaker's Reading Philosophy and Methodology for Revival of Tradition)\", 2. Türkiye Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, Ankara, Türkiye, 27 Ağustos 2022, cilt.2, ss.129-132
