Publication: Çok uluslu şirketlerin Türk ve dünya ekonomisindeki gelişme süreci
Abstract
TEZ ÖZETİ Günümüzdeki anlamıyla çokuluslu şirketler, 1950'lerden sonra ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak çokuluslu şirketlerin gelişme süreci çok daha eskilere dayanmaktadır. 1950'li yıllarda çokuluslu şirketler sadece Amerika kökenli şirketlerden oluşmaktaydı. Fakat 1960'lı yıllardan sonra Avrupa ve Japonya kökenli şirketler de çokuluslu hale gelmişlerdir. 1974 Petrol Krizi, gelişmekte olan ülkelere yönelik yatırımlarının azalmasına yol açmıştır. Bununla birlikte bu dönemde sözkonusu ülkelerin de çokuluslu şirketler kurdukları görülmüştür. 1982 Dış Borç Buhranı sonrasındaki dönemden itibaren, hizmetler sektöründeki çokuluslu şirket yatırımları, hammadde üretimi ve imalat sektörüne yönelik yatırımlardan daha fazla olmuştur.1990 yılından günümüze kadar geçen dönemdeki en önemli gelişme ise, Doğu Bloku'nun yıkılmasıyla birlikte, Orta Asya'da ve Doğu Avrupa'da çokuluslu şirket yatırımları için yeni yatırım alanlarının ortaya çıkması olmuştur. Diğer bir gelişme de, artık sadece dev ölçekli şirketlerin değil, küçük ve orta ölçekli şirketlerin de çokuluslulaşması olmuştur. Türk ekonomisinde, dolaysız yatırım faaliyetleri Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde başlamıştır. Fakat bu yatırımların imparatorluğun yıkılışında oynadığı rol, cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan sonra sözkonusu yatırımlara mesafeli yaklaşılmasına neden olmuştur. 1980 yılına kadar geçen dönemde Türkiye'deki çokuluslu şirket yatırımları, yapılan düzenlemelere rağmen oldukça düşük seviyede kalmıştır.1980 yılından sonraki dönemde en fazla çokuluslu şirket yatırımı AB ülkeleri tarafından yapılmıştır. Yatırımlarda en fazla payı ise imalat sektörü almıştır. Yine 1980'li yıllardan sonra, Türk kökenli şirketler de dolaysız yatırım faaliyetlerinde bulunarak çokuluslulaşma sürecine katılmışlardır.1996 yılında yürürlüğe giren Türkiye-AB Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması ile birlikte, çokuluslu şirket yatırımlarında artış olacağı beklenmiş, ancak bu beklenti henüz gerçekleşmemiştir. THESIS
Multinational companies in today's meaning were formed after 1950's.However the development process of multinational companies date back to older times.In 1950's multinational companies were formed only from American-origin companies.But after 1960's,European and Japanese origined companies also became multinational companies.Oil Crisis in 1974 caused a decrease in investments directed to developing countries.However,it is observed that the mentioned countries had also formed multinational companies in this period.After the Foreign Debt Crisis in 1982,multinational investments in service sector were more than the investments directed to raw-material production and manufacturing sectors.The most important development from 1990's up to today after the collapse of Eastern Block was the emerging of new investment areas for multinational companies investments in Mid-Asia and Eastern Europe.Another development was that not only giant-scale companies formed multinational companies but small and medium scale companies had also formed multinational companies. In Turkish economy,indirect investment activities started in Ottoman Empire period.But the role these investments played in the collapse of the Empire caused the approaches to the mentioned investments to be distant after the foundation of the republic.Although there were arrangements made, the level of the multinational company investments in Turkey was very low until 1980.In the period after 1980,the most multinational company investments were realized by EC companies.Manufacturing sector received the biggest share in the investments.Again after 1980's,Turkish-origined companies had also made indirect investment activities and joined the process of multinationality.With Turkey -EC Customs Union agreement which was effected in 1996,it was expected that there would be an increase in multinational company investments,but this expectation is not realized yet.
Multinational companies in today's meaning were formed after 1950's.However the development process of multinational companies date back to older times.In 1950's multinational companies were formed only from American-origin companies.But after 1960's,European and Japanese origined companies also became multinational companies.Oil Crisis in 1974 caused a decrease in investments directed to developing countries.However,it is observed that the mentioned countries had also formed multinational companies in this period.After the Foreign Debt Crisis in 1982,multinational investments in service sector were more than the investments directed to raw-material production and manufacturing sectors.The most important development from 1990's up to today after the collapse of Eastern Block was the emerging of new investment areas for multinational companies investments in Mid-Asia and Eastern Europe.Another development was that not only giant-scale companies formed multinational companies but small and medium scale companies had also formed multinational companies. In Turkish economy,indirect investment activities started in Ottoman Empire period.But the role these investments played in the collapse of the Empire caused the approaches to the mentioned investments to be distant after the foundation of the republic.Although there were arrangements made, the level of the multinational company investments in Turkey was very low until 1980.In the period after 1980,the most multinational company investments were realized by EC companies.Manufacturing sector received the biggest share in the investments.Again after 1980's,Turkish-origined companies had also made indirect investment activities and joined the process of multinationality.With Turkey -EC Customs Union agreement which was effected in 1996,it was expected that there would be an increase in multinational company investments,but this expectation is not realized yet.