Publication: Türk ve Fransız ders kitaplarında bilim tarihi : lise fen bilimleri alanı ders kitaplarının karşılaştırmalı betimsel analizi
Abstract
Günümüzde fen öğretiminin amaçlarından biri, öğrencilerin öğrendikleri bilimsel bilgileri kullanarak bilinçli kişisel ve sosyal kararlar verebilmesi için bilimsel bilginin kaynağını, yapılandırılırken geçtiği aşamaları ve sınırlarını tam anlamıyla kavramalarıdır. Öğretim programlarıyla aktarılmak istenen bilimsel bilginin kullanımına dair hedefler genel olarak bilimsel okuryazarlık kavramı altında şekillenmektedir. Bilimsel okuryazar bireyler yetiştirmek adına eğitim programlarında gerçekleştirilen değişimler, bir çok farklı öğretim yaklaşımı geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlardan biri olan bilim tarihi, bilimin doğuş ve gelişme öyküsünün yanı sıra bilimsel düşüncenin de gelişim sürecini ele almaktadır. Bilim tarihi, öğrencilerin bilimi daha iyi anlamalarına yardımcı olması ve aynı zamanda bilimsel okuryazar bireyler yetiştirme ve toplumda bir bilim kültürü oluşturma amaçlarıyla öğretim programlarına dahil edilmiştir. Etkili bir öğretimin gerçekleşebilmesi için gerekli unsurlardan biri eğitim-öğretim amaçlarına hizmet eden materyallerdir. Bu noktadan hareketle fen eğitiminin amaçlarına hizmet eden en önemli eğitim araçlarından birinin fen ders kitapları olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Geliştirilen öğretim rultusunda hazırlanan bir ders kitabı, eğitim-öğretim sürecinde ulaşılması planlanan hedefleri destekler. Bu bilgiler ışığında, 21. yüzyıl becerilerine sahip bilimsel okuryazar bireyler yetiştirmek amacıyla eğitim-öğretim sürecinde kullanılan yöntemlerden biri olan bilim tarihinin, fen eğitiminin amaçlarına hizmet eden en önemli eğitim aracı olan ders kitaplarına entegre edilmesi oldukça önem kazanmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışmada Türk ve Fransız lise fen bilimleri ders kitaplarında bilim tarihi kullanımının incelenmesi hedefleyen karşılaştırmalı betimsel bir analiz çalışılmasıdır. Ders kitaplarında bilim tarihinin kullanımının incelenmesinde Wang ve Marsh tarafından geliştirilen 5'li likert tipi puanlama anahtarı kullanılmıştır. Bu puanlama anahtarında kavramsal, prosedürel ve bağlamsal anlayış açısından bilim tarihi kullanımının incelenmesi için kriterler bulunmaktadır ve anahtarda yer alan her bir kriter 1 ile 5 arası puanlanmıştır. Yapılan analizde ders kitaplarında yer alan bilim tarihi hikayeleri önce ayrı ayrı incelenmiş daha sonra lise fen ders kitaplarındaki bilim tarihi hikayelerinin kullanımı sınıf, alan ve ülke bazında karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz neticesinde, genel olarak, her iki ülke fen ders kitaplarında yer alan bilim tarihi bölümlerinin incelenen üç boyutu yeterli düzeyde içermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, Türk ve Fransız lise fen ders kitaplarında bilim tarihi içeren bölümlerde bilim tarihinin farklı boyutlarının ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. Türk lise fen ders kitaplarında kavramsal anlayış boyutu daha yoğun iken Fransız lise fen ders kitaplarında prosedürel anlayış boyutu daha fazla vurgulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Türk lise fen ders kitaplarındaki bilim tarihi içeriklerinin öğrencilerin bilimsel kavramları daha iyi anlamalarına yardımcı olacak şekilde hazırlandığını, Fransız lise fen ders kitaplarındaki bilim tarihi hikayelerinin ise daha çok öğrencileri düşünmeye teşvik edecek, öğrencilerin soru sorma ve araştırma yapma alışkanlıklarını geliştirmeye yönelik bilgiler içerdiğini göstermektedir.
One of the aims of science teaching is for students to fully grasp the source of scientific knowledge, the stages it goes through during its construction, and its limits so that they can make informed personal and social decisions using the scientific knowledge they have learned. The objectives of the use of scientific knowledge, which are intended to be transferred through the curriculum, are generally shaped under the concept of scientific literacy. Changes in education programs in order to raise scientifically literate individuals have led to the development of many different teaching approaches. One of these approaches, the history of science, deals with the development process of scientific thought as well as the birth and development story of science. The history of science is included in the curriculum with the aim of helping students understand science better and at the same time raising scientifically literate individuals and creating a culture of science in the society. One of the necessary elements for effective teaching to take place is materials that serve educational purposes. From this point of view, it is stated that one of the most important educational tools that serve the purposes of science education is science textbooks. A textbook prepared in line with the developed curriculum supports the goals planned to be achieved in the education-teaching process. In the light of this information, it is very important to integrate the history of science, which is one of the methods used in the education process in order to raise scientifically literate individuals with 21st century skills, into the textbooks, which are the most important educational tools that serve the purposes of science education. From this point of view, this study is a comparative descriptive analysis that aims to examine the use of history of science in Turkish and French high school science textbooks. In the examination of the use of the history of science in textbooks, a 5-point Likert-type rubric developed by Wang and Marsh was used. This scoring key contains criteria for examining the use of the history of science in terms of conceptual, procedural and contextual understanding, and each criterion in the key is scored between 1 and 5. In the analysis, the history of science stories in the textbooks were first examined separately, and then the use of the history of science stories in high school science textbooks was compared on the basis of class, field and country. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that, in general, the history of science chapters in the science textbooks of both countries did not sufficiently include the three dimensions examined. On the other hand, it has been observed that different dimensions of the history of science come to the fore in the sections containing the history of science in Turkish and French high school science textbooks. While the conceptual understanding dimension is more intense in Turkish high school science textbooks, the procedural understanding dimension is emphasized more in French high school science textbooks. The data obtained show that the history of science contents in Turkish high school science textbooks are prepared in a way to help students better understand scientific concepts, while the history of science stories in French high school science textbooks contain information that will encourage students to think more and develop their habits of asking questions and doing research.
One of the aims of science teaching is for students to fully grasp the source of scientific knowledge, the stages it goes through during its construction, and its limits so that they can make informed personal and social decisions using the scientific knowledge they have learned. The objectives of the use of scientific knowledge, which are intended to be transferred through the curriculum, are generally shaped under the concept of scientific literacy. Changes in education programs in order to raise scientifically literate individuals have led to the development of many different teaching approaches. One of these approaches, the history of science, deals with the development process of scientific thought as well as the birth and development story of science. The history of science is included in the curriculum with the aim of helping students understand science better and at the same time raising scientifically literate individuals and creating a culture of science in the society. One of the necessary elements for effective teaching to take place is materials that serve educational purposes. From this point of view, it is stated that one of the most important educational tools that serve the purposes of science education is science textbooks. A textbook prepared in line with the developed curriculum supports the goals planned to be achieved in the education-teaching process. In the light of this information, it is very important to integrate the history of science, which is one of the methods used in the education process in order to raise scientifically literate individuals with 21st century skills, into the textbooks, which are the most important educational tools that serve the purposes of science education. From this point of view, this study is a comparative descriptive analysis that aims to examine the use of history of science in Turkish and French high school science textbooks. In the examination of the use of the history of science in textbooks, a 5-point Likert-type rubric developed by Wang and Marsh was used. This scoring key contains criteria for examining the use of the history of science in terms of conceptual, procedural and contextual understanding, and each criterion in the key is scored between 1 and 5. In the analysis, the history of science stories in the textbooks were first examined separately, and then the use of the history of science stories in high school science textbooks was compared on the basis of class, field and country. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that, in general, the history of science chapters in the science textbooks of both countries did not sufficiently include the three dimensions examined. On the other hand, it has been observed that different dimensions of the history of science come to the fore in the sections containing the history of science in Turkish and French high school science textbooks. While the conceptual understanding dimension is more intense in Turkish high school science textbooks, the procedural understanding dimension is emphasized more in French high school science textbooks. The data obtained show that the history of science contents in Turkish high school science textbooks are prepared in a way to help students better understand scientific concepts, while the history of science stories in French high school science textbooks contain information that will encourage students to think more and develop their habits of asking questions and doing research.
Description
Keywords
Bilim, Bilimin doğası, Biology, Biology education, Biyoloji, Biyoloji eğitimi, Books, Chemistry education, Chemistry lesson, Ders kitapları, Fizik, France, Fransa, Fransız bilim tarihi Nature of science, French history of science, Hikaye edici metin, History, Kimya dersi, Kimya eğitimi, Kitaplar, Narrative text, Physics, Science, Tarih, Textbooks, Turkey, Türkiye
