Publication: Altın Orda-İlhanlı münasebetleri
Abstract
XIII. yüzyılın başlarında Çengiz Han tarih sahnesine çıkarak Büyük İmparatorluğu'nu kurmuş ve daha hayattayken imparatorluğu kendi oğulları arasında paylaştırmıştır. Ancak Çengiz Han, uluslar arasındaki kesin sınırları belirlememiştir. Altın Orda ile İlhanlılar arasındaki mücadelenin en önemli sebebi, bu iki devletin Âzerbâycân ve Gürcistan topraklarını paylaşamamalarıdır. Bölgenin coğrafî ve stratejik önemi, buradan geçen ticarî yolların ehemmiyeti, Memlûklu sultanlarının İlhanlılar'ı Suriye'den uzak tutmak için cihad gibi önemli bir kozu kullanarak Altın Orda hanlarını kışkırtmaları, Berke Han'ın kibirliliği, iki ulus arasındaki mücadelenin başlıca sebepleri olmuştur. Bir asırdan fazla süren bu mücadele sırasında, Altın Orda hanları Memlûklu sultanlarına yakınlaşırken, İlhanlılar da Papa ve Avrupa devletleri ile temasa geçmişlerdir. Berke, Toktâ ve Özbek hanlar zamanında mücadeleler kızışmış, fakat her iki taraf da kesin bir netice alamamıştır. Ancak Ebû Sa'îd'in ölümüyle İlhanlı Devleti yıkılma sürecine girince, Altın Orda Hanı Canibek, bundan istifade ederek kısa süreliğine de olsa, Âzerbâycân'ı ele geçirmeye muvaffak olmuştur. Altın Orda Devleti, artık elde ettiği başarıyı kullanamadığı bir zamanda Âzerbâycân'ı ele geçirdiğinden, bunun bir faydası olmamıştır. İki ulusun mücadelesi en çok Memlûklu Devleti'nin işine yaramıştır. Zirâ, Altın Orda ile savaşan İlhanlılar bütün güçlerini Suriye üzerine yönlendirememişlerdir. Altın Orda Devleti, Âzerbâycân üzerindeki iddiasını Toktamış Han zamanında da Timur'a karşı savaşarak devam ettirmiştir. Ancak, Toktamış Han da başarılı olamamış ve Altın Orda Devleti de tıpkı İlhanlılar gibi parçalanma sürecine girmiştir.
It goes back to the XIII'th century, when Cengiz Khan appeared to be in the historical process, creating the Great Empire, breaking it into pieces ans spreading it among his sons. Cengiz Khan hadn't determined the certain borders among the so called nations (ulus). The main reason of the struggle between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanid was the division of land. Other main reasons were geographical and strategical importance of Adharbaijan and Georgian region and its trade routes, the Saltanat that used the jihad to keep the Ilkhanid away from Syria making the Golden Horde believe in that and the Berke's pride. While the relations between the Golden Horde khans and the Mamluks Sultanat were getting closer and warmer during this struggle that lasted more than for a century, the Ilkhanid made a contact with Papa and the European countries. At the ruling time of Berke, Toqta and Ozbek khans the struggle reached the top, but for the both sides there was no results. The death of Abû Sa'îd is considered to be the basis for the foreseen ruin of the Ilkhanid country and using this opportunity, even if for a short period of time, the Khan of the Golden Horde Janibek, succeeded to conquer the Adharbaijan. But the Golden Horde hadn't used this success, so there was no use of this conquer. This struggle of two ulus was the thing, that was mostly wanted by the Mamluks, because during the war with the Golden Horde the Ilkhanid hadn't put all their strength closer to Syria side. The Golden Horde hadn't dropped the Adharbaijan pretension at the time of Toqtamish Khan and kept struggling against Timur. But, as a result, Toqtamish Khan hadn't succeeded either and the Golden Horde, the same as the Ilkhanid, had been broken into pieces.
It goes back to the XIII'th century, when Cengiz Khan appeared to be in the historical process, creating the Great Empire, breaking it into pieces ans spreading it among his sons. Cengiz Khan hadn't determined the certain borders among the so called nations (ulus). The main reason of the struggle between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanid was the division of land. Other main reasons were geographical and strategical importance of Adharbaijan and Georgian region and its trade routes, the Saltanat that used the jihad to keep the Ilkhanid away from Syria making the Golden Horde believe in that and the Berke's pride. While the relations between the Golden Horde khans and the Mamluks Sultanat were getting closer and warmer during this struggle that lasted more than for a century, the Ilkhanid made a contact with Papa and the European countries. At the ruling time of Berke, Toqta and Ozbek khans the struggle reached the top, but for the both sides there was no results. The death of Abû Sa'îd is considered to be the basis for the foreseen ruin of the Ilkhanid country and using this opportunity, even if for a short period of time, the Khan of the Golden Horde Janibek, succeeded to conquer the Adharbaijan. But the Golden Horde hadn't used this success, so there was no use of this conquer. This struggle of two ulus was the thing, that was mostly wanted by the Mamluks, because during the war with the Golden Horde the Ilkhanid hadn't put all their strength closer to Syria side. The Golden Horde hadn't dropped the Adharbaijan pretension at the time of Toqtamish Khan and kept struggling against Timur. But, as a result, Toqtamish Khan hadn't succeeded either and the Golden Horde, the same as the Ilkhanid, had been broken into pieces.