Publication: X- XII. asır İdil (Volga) Bulgarları tarihi ve islamiyet
Abstract
İdil (Volga) Bulgar Devleti, Karadeniz'in kuzeyinde kurulan büyük Bulgar Devletinin Hazarlar tarafından parçalanması üzerine, aşağı bölgelerdeki Türk unsurlarının bir bölümünün, İdil boylarına gelip yerleşmesi üzerine tarih sahnesine çıkmıştır. Bulgarların geldikleri Orta İdil boyu, M.S. III. asırdan itibaren çeşitli Türk boylarının geçiş alanında bulunuyordu. Ayrıca bu saha, kuzey-güney, doğu-batı ticaret yollarının kesiştiği, çok önemli bir merkezdi. VII. ve VIII. asırlar bu bölgede yerleşen Türk boyları, bölge yerli halklarıyla kaynaşıp siyasal bir birliktelik kurdular. Bu asırlar, Karadeniz'in kuzeyi yine bir Türk boyu olan Hazarlar tarafından yönetilmekteydi. Nitekim, İdil Bulgarları da X. asrın başlarına kadar Hazarların hakimiyetini tanıyıp onlara vergi verdiler. İşte tam bu yıllarda Arabistan ve İran coğrafyasında iyice yayılan İslam, ve onu temsil eden hilafet merkezi, yeni coğrafyalara açılmak durumundaydı. Müslüman tüccarların ve gezginlerin sayesinde Kafkaslar ötesi ve İdil boyları İslam dinine yabancı değillerdi. Esnaf ve tüccar tabaka da daha çok rağbet gören İslam VIII ve IX. asırlar içinde bölgedeki yerel ve semavî dinlerin önüne geçip resmiyet kazanmaya başladı. Ve 900'lü yılların ilk yarısında bölgedeki en kuvvetli siyasî teşkilat sahibi olan İdil Bulgarları'nın resmi dini oldu. Diğer taraftan X. asır itibariyle bölgenin en geniş tabanlı dini olan İslam, günümüze kadar da burada yaşayıp kalıcılığını ispatladı. Zira Sabirler dönemi bölgede Hristiyanlığın, Hazarlar dönemi Yahudiliğin daha yaygın olup zamanla üstünlüklerini İslama kaptırmaları, bizleri bu sonuca götürmektedir. Bizim kanaatimizce bu hadisedeki en büyük etki İslamın İdil Volga boylarına müesseseleriyle gelip yerleşmesi olmuştur. Diğer taraftan bu asırlarda Türk boyları ve İdil (Volga) boylarında İslamiyetin yayılması, bu dinin evrende kalıcı ve cihanşumul olduğunun bir başka tezahürü olmuştur. Çalışmalarda belgelerin değerlendirilmesi, bakış açısı ve metotlara göre farklı sonuçlar verse de, tabii tarihi süreç içinde İdil Volga boyu incelendiğinde, bu bölgenin M. S. III. asırdan itibaren Türkleştiği ve X. asırdan itibaren de müslümanlaştığı görülecektir.
When the Great Bulgar state, which was established in the north of Bleack Sea was dismantled by Khazars some of Turks, in lower regions, came and settled in İdil (Volga) Bulgar there upon emerged in the stage of the history. Middle-İdil (Volga) tribe, from which Bulgars where drived, was in the crossing point of variousTurkish tribes. This point was also very important centre where north-southand east-west commercial ways intersected. The turkish tribes who settled n this area in VII: and VIII. (A.D.) centuries established a political coalition by uniting with indigenous people in these centuries. The north of Black Sea was also being ruled by Khazars, a Turkish tribe. Thus İdil (volga) Bulgars was also subordinate to khazars and paid tax to them until beginnig of X. century. İn these years, İslam, which spread thoroughly in Arabistan and İran, and ıts represetantive caliphate centre, was to spread in new areas, regions. Beyond Caucas region and İdil (Volga) tribes was aware of İslam thanks to Muslim merchants and travellers. İslam which was very popular among tradesmen and merchants, started to get on official position with in VIII. and IX. centuries by leading the local and celestial religions in the region, and in the first half of İdil Bulgars which was the owner of the most powerfull political organisation in the region. On the other hand, İslam the most widespread religion in the region in X. century, proved ıts permanence by lasting there up to now. İslam's getting soperiority to christianity, which was wide spread in Sabirs' era, and, Judaism, wich was wide spread in Khazars' era, takes us to this conclusion. İn our opinionthe greatest factor of this case is İslam's settlemed in İdil (Volga) tribes in these centuries, proved its permanence in the universe and became a world-wide religion. Even the documents' interpretations are different, according to the points of view and methods, When the İdil (volga) tribe is studied it will be seen that this region's people became Turkish dating from III. century (A.D) and became Muslims dating from X. century (A.D.).
When the Great Bulgar state, which was established in the north of Bleack Sea was dismantled by Khazars some of Turks, in lower regions, came and settled in İdil (Volga) Bulgar there upon emerged in the stage of the history. Middle-İdil (Volga) tribe, from which Bulgars where drived, was in the crossing point of variousTurkish tribes. This point was also very important centre where north-southand east-west commercial ways intersected. The turkish tribes who settled n this area in VII: and VIII. (A.D.) centuries established a political coalition by uniting with indigenous people in these centuries. The north of Black Sea was also being ruled by Khazars, a Turkish tribe. Thus İdil (volga) Bulgars was also subordinate to khazars and paid tax to them until beginnig of X. century. İn these years, İslam, which spread thoroughly in Arabistan and İran, and ıts represetantive caliphate centre, was to spread in new areas, regions. Beyond Caucas region and İdil (Volga) tribes was aware of İslam thanks to Muslim merchants and travellers. İslam which was very popular among tradesmen and merchants, started to get on official position with in VIII. and IX. centuries by leading the local and celestial religions in the region, and in the first half of İdil Bulgars which was the owner of the most powerfull political organisation in the region. On the other hand, İslam the most widespread religion in the region in X. century, proved ıts permanence by lasting there up to now. İslam's getting soperiority to christianity, which was wide spread in Sabirs' era, and, Judaism, wich was wide spread in Khazars' era, takes us to this conclusion. İn our opinionthe greatest factor of this case is İslam's settlemed in İdil (Volga) tribes in these centuries, proved its permanence in the universe and became a world-wide religion. Even the documents' interpretations are different, according to the points of view and methods, When the İdil (volga) tribe is studied it will be seen that this region's people became Turkish dating from III. century (A.D) and became Muslims dating from X. century (A.D.).