Publication: Ticaretin kolaylaştırılmasının Türkiye’nin dış ticaret akımlarına etkisi : panel veri analizi
Abstract
Farklı tanımlamaları yapılan ticaretin kolaylaştırılması, kısaca uluslararası ticarette işlemlerin basitleştirilmesi ve belirli bir standarda kavuşturulmasıdır. Çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası ticarette önemi giderek artan ticaretin kolaylaştırılmasının Türkiye’nin dış ticaret akımlarına etkisini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda, özellikle ticaretin kolaylaştırılması ile ilgili olan verilerine eksiksiz ulaşılabilen Türkiye’nin dış ticaret akımlarında en çok paya sahip ilk 50 ülke içerisinden 41 ülke ile dış ticaret akımları analiz edilmektedir. Ayrıca, söz konusu verilerle ilgili en uzun zaman dilimi olması sebebiyle 2008-2017 analiz dönemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Analiz yöntemi olarak genişletilmiş panel çekim modeli uygulanan bu çalışmada, ilk olarak ticaretin kolaylaştırılması değişkenlerinin aralarındaki yüksek korelasyonun ortaya çıkarabileceği olumsuz durumların önüne geçebilmek amacıyla Temel Bileşenler Analizi ile söz konusu değişkenler bir endeks şeklinde modele eklenmiştir. Bu endeksin yanı sıra, çekim modelinin temel değişkenleri olan ülke büyüklükleri ve ülkeler arası mesafe değişkenlerinin yanında benzerlik endeksi, serbestlik endeksi ve reel döviz kuru gibi farklı değişkenlerle analiz yapılmaktadır. Analizde, havuzlanmış EKK, sabit etkiler ve tesadüfi etkiler yöntemleri ile tahminler yapılmış, bunlara ek olarak ülkeler arası mesafe değişkeni gibi zamanla değişmeyen değişkenleri tahmin olanağı sunan Hausman-Taylor yöntemi ile de tahmin yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçların dirençliliğine yönelik ise Stokastik Sınır Analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, çekim modelinin temel değişkenlerinin Türkiye’nin dış ticaret akımlarına etkisinin literatür ile paralel olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İkinci olarak ticaretin kolaylaştırılmasının Türkiye’nin söz konusu ülkelerle dış ticaret akımlarını artırıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu bulgulara ilaveten, benzerlik endeksi sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye’nin ticaret partnerleri ile olan dış ticaret akımlarında Linder Hipotezi’nin geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, reel efektif döviz kuru değişkeninin de literatürdeki çalışmalarla paralel olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak ekonomik serbestlik endeksi ile ilgili olarak ihracat yapan ülkenin ekonomik serbestliği dış ticaret akımlarını pozitif yönde etkilerken, ithalat yapan ülkenin negatif yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Tarife dışı engellerin ölçümünde yaşanabilen sorunlardan dolayı bazı durumlarda bu tür sonuçlar çıkabildiği belirtilmektedir.
Trade facilitation which different definitions, in short, it is the simplification and standardization of transactions in international trade. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of trade facilitation, which is becoming increasingly important in international trade, on Turkey’s foreign trade flows. In this context, foreign trade flows are analyzed with 41 countries, whose data on trade facilitation especially can be accessed in full out of the first 50 countries that have the largest share in Turkey’s foreign trade flows. In addition, it has been determined as the analysis period of 2008-2017, as it is the longest time period for the data in question. In this study, in which the extended panel gravity model was applied as the analysis method, the variables in question were added to the model as an index with Principal Component Analysis in order to prevent the negative situations that may arise due to the high correlation between the trade facilitation variables. In addition to this index, analysis is made with different variables such as the similarity index, the index of freedom and real Exchange rate, as well as the variables of country size and distance between countries, which are the main variables of gravity model. In the analysis, estimations were made with the pooled OLS, fixed effects and random effects methods, and in addition to these, estimations were made with the Hausman-Taylor method, which provides the opportunity to estimate time-invariant varables such as the distance variable between countries. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was performed for the robustness of the obtained results. According to the findings, it has been determined that the effect of the main variables of the gravity model on Turkey’s foreign trade flows is in paralel with the literature. Secondly, it has been understood that trade facilitation has an increasing effect on Turkey’s foreign trade flows with these countries. In addition to these findings, according to the similarity index results, it has been determined that the Linder Hypothesis is valid in the foreign trade flows of Turkey with its trade partners. On the other hand, it has been observed that the real effective exchange rate variable is in paralel with the studies in the literature. Finally, regarding the economic freedom index, it has been determined that while the economic freedom of the exporting country affects the foreign trade flows positively, the importing country has a negative effect. It is stated that such results can be obtained in some case due to the problems that may be experienced in the measurement of non-tariff barriers.
Trade facilitation which different definitions, in short, it is the simplification and standardization of transactions in international trade. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of trade facilitation, which is becoming increasingly important in international trade, on Turkey’s foreign trade flows. In this context, foreign trade flows are analyzed with 41 countries, whose data on trade facilitation especially can be accessed in full out of the first 50 countries that have the largest share in Turkey’s foreign trade flows. In addition, it has been determined as the analysis period of 2008-2017, as it is the longest time period for the data in question. In this study, in which the extended panel gravity model was applied as the analysis method, the variables in question were added to the model as an index with Principal Component Analysis in order to prevent the negative situations that may arise due to the high correlation between the trade facilitation variables. In addition to this index, analysis is made with different variables such as the similarity index, the index of freedom and real Exchange rate, as well as the variables of country size and distance between countries, which are the main variables of gravity model. In the analysis, estimations were made with the pooled OLS, fixed effects and random effects methods, and in addition to these, estimations were made with the Hausman-Taylor method, which provides the opportunity to estimate time-invariant varables such as the distance variable between countries. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was performed for the robustness of the obtained results. According to the findings, it has been determined that the effect of the main variables of the gravity model on Turkey’s foreign trade flows is in paralel with the literature. Secondly, it has been understood that trade facilitation has an increasing effect on Turkey’s foreign trade flows with these countries. In addition to these findings, according to the similarity index results, it has been determined that the Linder Hypothesis is valid in the foreign trade flows of Turkey with its trade partners. On the other hand, it has been observed that the real effective exchange rate variable is in paralel with the studies in the literature. Finally, regarding the economic freedom index, it has been determined that while the economic freedom of the exporting country affects the foreign trade flows positively, the importing country has a negative effect. It is stated that such results can be obtained in some case due to the problems that may be experienced in the measurement of non-tariff barriers.
Description
Keywords
Augmented Panel Gravity Model, Commerce, Commercial policy, Dış Ticaret Akımları, Foreign Trade Flows, Genişletilmiş Panel Çekim Modeli, Hausman-Taylor Yöntemi, International commerce, International economic relations, Principal Component Analysis, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Stokastik Sınır Analizi Trade Facilitation, Temel Bileşenler Analizi, the Hausman-Taylor Method, Ticaret, Ticaret politikası, Ticaretin Kolaylaştırılması, Ticaretin Kolaylaştırılması Anlaşması, Trade Facilitation Aggrement, Turkey, Türkiye, Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkiler, Uluslararası ticaret
