Publication: 19.yy sonunda İstanbul’ un dönüşümü ve uygarlaşmanın iletişim ortamı olarak osmanlı tiyatrosu
Abstract
19. YÜZYIL SONUNDA İSTANBUL’UN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE UYGARLAŞMANIN İLETİŞİM ORTAMI OLARAK OSMANLI TİYATROSU Bu çalışma, konusu olan Osmanlı Tiyatrosu’nu, İstanbul’un dönüşen ortamında uygarlaşmanın unsurlarından biri olarak ele alırken, İstanbul’un dönüşen kültürel ortamına Osmanlı Tiyatrosu merkezinden bakmaktadır. 19. yüzyıl gerek Avrupa’nın önde gelen kentlerinde, gerekse İstanbul gibi Avrupa dışı kentlerde en hızlı ve köklü değişimlerin gerçekleştiği bir dönem olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. İstanbul’un ise gerek kentleşmesinde, gerekse kültürel açıdan dönüşümünde bürokrasinin müdahalesinin bir tezahürü olan Tanzimat Fermanı bir dönüm noktası olur. Ancak Tanzimat ile başlayan yenileşme hareketleri elit bir kesimin yaşamında değişimler getirse de, halk bu yenileşme hareketlerinden etkilenmez. Çalışmanın merkezinde yer alan tiyatro, Avrupa kentlerinde ve İstanbul’da, dönüşen kültürel ortama aracılık etmesi ve Avrupa kültürünü İstanbul’un kültürel ortamına taşıyacak bir iletişim formu olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Osmanlı Tiyatrosu, öncelikle aydınlar tarafından Tanzimat reformlarının halka ulaşması açısından önem taşır, bu nedenle devlet imtiyazı ile on yıl boyunca Müslüman Türklerin çoğunlukta olduğu Beyazıt’ta kurulur. Türkçe gösterimler yapan Osmanlı Tiyatrosu, dengesiz bir kentsel gelişmenin görüldüğü İstanbul’un kentsel ortamında, Galata-Pera bölgesine sıkışmış olan Batı kültürünü, halkın ayağına götürebilecek bir kültürel kurum olarak değer taşımaktadır. Dönemin okuryazar oranı göz önüne alındığında, erişebilirliği dönemin diğer iletişim formlarından daha kolay olan Osmanlı Tiyatrosu bu nedenle aydınlar, devlet görevlileri ve basın tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı Tiyatrosu İstanbul halkının Batı kültürü ile tanışmasında ve uygarlaşmasında en etkili iletişim ortamı olmuştur.
TRANSFORMATION OF ISTANBUL AT THE END OF 19TH CENTURY AND OTTOMAN THEATRE AS A COMMUNICATION MEDIUM TO BECOME CIVILIZED This study has taken Ottoman Theatre as one of the factors of becoming civilized in transforming social setting of Istanbul and it takes a look at Istanbul’s transforming cultural enviroment from the central of Ottoman Theatre. 19th century was a significant era as rapid and radical changes has emerged in Europe’s leading capitals and in cities outside Europe such as in Istanbul. The Gulhane Rescript, which is the sign of bureaucracy’s intervention, becomes turning point in Istanbul’s both urbanization process and Istanbul’s transformation in cultural aspects. Althought modernization movements, which begin with Tanzimat, cause changes in elite strata, the public is not effected from all these movements. Theatre which is in the central of this study has a significant role from the aspect of being a medium of cultural transformation in Istanbul and being a communication form to transfer European culture to Istanbul’s cultural enviroment. For intellectuals, Ottoman Theatre has a considerable role in conveying the reforms of The Gulhane Rescript to public life, therefore with the help of the state allowance, it is opened in Beyazıt, most of whose population is Muslim Turkish people during ten years. Ottoman Theatre, in which the shows are in Turkish, has a crucial role as a cultural institution in Istanbul’s unequal developing city life, because it could carry western culture, which is limited in Galata-Pera region, to public life. Taking into consideration of the percentage of literate of that time, Ottoman Theatre was supported by the intellectuals, bureaucrats and press, since the reachability of Ottoman Theatre was easier than the other communication forms. In this context, Ottoman Theatre was the most effective communication medium for Istanbul people to meet the western culture and to be civilized
TRANSFORMATION OF ISTANBUL AT THE END OF 19TH CENTURY AND OTTOMAN THEATRE AS A COMMUNICATION MEDIUM TO BECOME CIVILIZED This study has taken Ottoman Theatre as one of the factors of becoming civilized in transforming social setting of Istanbul and it takes a look at Istanbul’s transforming cultural enviroment from the central of Ottoman Theatre. 19th century was a significant era as rapid and radical changes has emerged in Europe’s leading capitals and in cities outside Europe such as in Istanbul. The Gulhane Rescript, which is the sign of bureaucracy’s intervention, becomes turning point in Istanbul’s both urbanization process and Istanbul’s transformation in cultural aspects. Althought modernization movements, which begin with Tanzimat, cause changes in elite strata, the public is not effected from all these movements. Theatre which is in the central of this study has a significant role from the aspect of being a medium of cultural transformation in Istanbul and being a communication form to transfer European culture to Istanbul’s cultural enviroment. For intellectuals, Ottoman Theatre has a considerable role in conveying the reforms of The Gulhane Rescript to public life, therefore with the help of the state allowance, it is opened in Beyazıt, most of whose population is Muslim Turkish people during ten years. Ottoman Theatre, in which the shows are in Turkish, has a crucial role as a cultural institution in Istanbul’s unequal developing city life, because it could carry western culture, which is limited in Galata-Pera region, to public life. Taking into consideration of the percentage of literate of that time, Ottoman Theatre was supported by the intellectuals, bureaucrats and press, since the reachability of Ottoman Theatre was easier than the other communication forms. In this context, Ottoman Theatre was the most effective communication medium for Istanbul people to meet the western culture and to be civilized