Publication: Yürürlükte olan Afgan medeni kanununa Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye’nin etkisi (Kitabu’l-Büyû‘ örneği)
Abstract
Afganistan’da, hukuki çalışmaların en önemlileri, Şah Emanullah Han (1919-1929) saltanatı sırasında yapılmıştır. Söz konusu dönemde, birçok alanda reform ve yenilikler ile birlikte 70’e yakın nizamname çıkartılmıştır. Akabinde, zikredilen hukuki çalışmalar bazı duraklamalara uğramıştır. Daha sonra kanunlaştırma süreci hızlandırılmış ve yaklaşık elli yıldır yürürlükte olan Afganistan Medeni Kanunu hazırlanmıştır. Bahsi geçen medeni kanunun taslağı Zahir Şah (1933-1973) döneminde hazırlanmış ve cumhuriyet döneminin başında yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu medeni kanun ortaya çıkmadan önce hukuki sahada diğer fetva eserlerinin yanında Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye’nin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Üstelik 1957 ve 1958 tarihli usulnamelere göre kadılar birçok konuda sadece Mecelle ile amel etmekle yükümlü kılınmıştır. Bu kanunu hazırlayanlar tarafından kaynaklar arasında en çok Mecelle’ye ve Yeni Mısır Medeni Kanunu’na ağırlık verilmiştir. Mecelle, Osmanlı Devleti’nin resmi kanunlarından biridir. 1918’den sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nden ayrılan devletlerde, kabul edilen yeni kanunlarla birlikte Mecelle hükümleri de cari olmuştur. Bu ülkelerde Mecelle, modern laik mahkemelerce de medeni kanun olarak tatbik edilmiştir. Fakat Lübnan’da 1932, Suriye’de 1949 ve Irak’ta 1953 yılında yeni medeni kanunlar Mecelle’nin yerine geçmiştir. Afganistan, Osmanlı’dan ayrılan bir devlet olmamasına rağmen 1971’den itibaren modern medeni kanunun ortaya çıkmasına dek Mecelle yürüklükte kalmıştır. Dünyanın her tarafında kanunlaştırma çabaları devam ederken 1962 yılında Afgan ve Mısır hukukçuları, Türkiye ve Mısır gibi bazı ülkeleri örnek alarak Afgan Medeni Kanununu oluşturmaya başlamışlardır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle Afganistan Medeni Kanunu’nun büyû‘ bölümü Farsça’dan Türkçeye tercüme edilmiştir. Bu esnada konu taraması yapılarak dizin oluşturulmuştur. Ardından Afganistan Medeni Kanunu’nun ana kaynakları tesbit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kanunun taslağı ile ilgili Afgan hukukçulara ve Afganistan’daki kütüphanelere ve ilgili kurumlara başvuru yapılmıştır. Nihayet büyû‘ bölümünde yer alan tüm maddelerin kaynağı birer birer tahlil edilmiştir.
In Afganistan, the heyday of legal studies took place during the reign of Shah Amanullah Khan. During the said period, nearly 70 regulations were issued with reforms and innovations in many fields. After that, although some cuts were made, the enactment process accelerated and the Afgan Civil Code, which is still in force, was prepared approximately fifty years later. The draft of the aforementioned civil law was compiled during Zahir Shah period and entered into force at the beginning of the republican period. Majalla was one of the official statutes of the Ottoman Empire. In the countries separated from the Ottoman Empire after 1918, the provisions of Majalla subject to the new law remained valid in the states that were later established in these countries. In these countries, Majalla has also been applied as a civil law by modern secular courts. But in Lebanon (1932), Syria (1949) and Iraq (1953), Majalla was replaced by new civil codes. Even though Afghanistan was not under Ottoman ruling, it remained in effect from 1971 until the modern civil law was introduced. While efforts of legislation in judiciary area were continued in every part of the world, Afghan and Egyptian lawmakers in 1962 began to establish the Afghan civil law by taking example of countries such as Turkey and Egypt. In this study, first of all, the sales chapter of the Afghanistan Civil law was translated from Persian to Turkish. Meanwhile, an index was created by scanning the subject. Then, the main sources of Afghanistan Civil law were searched to be determined. Regarding the draft of this law; Afghan lawyers and libraries as well as relevant institutions in Afghanistan were applied to. Finally, the source of all the articles in the sales chapter were analyzed one by one.
In Afganistan, the heyday of legal studies took place during the reign of Shah Amanullah Khan. During the said period, nearly 70 regulations were issued with reforms and innovations in many fields. After that, although some cuts were made, the enactment process accelerated and the Afgan Civil Code, which is still in force, was prepared approximately fifty years later. The draft of the aforementioned civil law was compiled during Zahir Shah period and entered into force at the beginning of the republican period. Majalla was one of the official statutes of the Ottoman Empire. In the countries separated from the Ottoman Empire after 1918, the provisions of Majalla subject to the new law remained valid in the states that were later established in these countries. In these countries, Majalla has also been applied as a civil law by modern secular courts. But in Lebanon (1932), Syria (1949) and Iraq (1953), Majalla was replaced by new civil codes. Even though Afghanistan was not under Ottoman ruling, it remained in effect from 1971 until the modern civil law was introduced. While efforts of legislation in judiciary area were continued in every part of the world, Afghan and Egyptian lawmakers in 1962 began to establish the Afghan civil law by taking example of countries such as Turkey and Egypt. In this study, first of all, the sales chapter of the Afghanistan Civil law was translated from Persian to Turkish. Meanwhile, an index was created by scanning the subject. Then, the main sources of Afghanistan Civil law were searched to be determined. Regarding the draft of this law; Afghan lawyers and libraries as well as relevant institutions in Afghanistan were applied to. Finally, the source of all the articles in the sales chapter were analyzed one by one.