Publication: Geri dönüşümlü PVC'den elde edilmiş kompozit malzemelerin mekanik ve termal özelliklerinin incelenmesi
Abstract
Polimerler antik çağlardan beri, doğal dünyamızın bir parçası olan hemen hemen her malzemede bulunan ve yaygın olarak kullanılan geliĢmiĢ malzemelerdir. Mühendislik tasarımı için kullanılan polimerler genellikle belirli bir amaca hizmet etmek üzere özel olarak formüle edilebilmekte ve tasarlanmaktadır. Modern zamanların en popüler üçüncü sentetik polimeri olan Polivinil klorür (PVC), uzun süreli kullanıma uygunluğu, iyi kimyasal kararlılığı ve dayanıklılığı gibi çok yönlü özellikleri nedeniyle mevcut ve yeni geliĢtirilen birçok yüksek teknoloji uygulamalarında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Doğrudan tüketim malzemesi olarak kullanılan PVC, yapısı gereği biyolojik olarak parçalanamaz ve fonksiyonunu kaybetmeden doğada uzun süre atık olarak kalmaktadır. PVC ürünlerinin artan tüketimi sonucunda, çevresel katı atıkların oluĢturduğu kirlilik, artan tüketim hızı ile petrokimya kullanımından kaynaklanan karbondioksit emisyonlarına yönelik açığa çıkan küresel sorunların önüne geçmek için PVC'nin bertarafı, geri dönüĢümü çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından büyük önem taĢımaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak bu çalıĢmada PVC kablo atığı, PVC suni deri atığı, PVC esnek film atığı ve PVC spiral hortum atığından oluĢan dört farklı türdeki ömrünü yitirmiĢ PVC atıkları yeniden değerlendirilmek amacıyla formülasyon geliĢtirildi. % 43,90 PVC atık ile % 35,20 kalsit, %17,60 DOTP (plastifiyan), %2,6 boya, %0,40 stearik asit (kaydırıcı) ve %0,40 nem alıcı katkılar optimum Ģartlarda karıĢtırılarak ekstrüzyon makinesinde proses edilerek 4 farklı türde kompozit numuneler elde edildi. Elde edilen kompozit malzemelerin farklı uygulamalarda kullanılabilirliğini belirlemek için orijinal (saf) PVC tozundan aynı oranlarda ve proseste PVC kompozit numunesi üretildi. Numunelerin diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetri (DSC), termogravimetrik analiz (TGA), taramalı elektron mikroskobun (SEM), yoğunluk, sertlik, çekme testleri gibi mekanik ve termal özellikleri incelenmiĢtir. SEM, DSC, TGA analiz sonuçlarına göre PVC atıklardan oluĢan kompozit numunelerin yapısal bileĢenler arasında homojen karıĢım elde edilmiĢtir. Ham orijinal PVC polimerin yerine atık spiral hortum PVC kompozit (PVC-H) ve atık PVC esnek film kompozit (PVC-F) formülasyonda dayanım iv artırılarak kullanılabileceği kanısına varılmıĢtır. Atık PVC kompozitler de çekme dayanımı orijinal PVC kompozitine göre oldukça düĢük değerler verdikleri gözlemlenmiĢtir. Özellikle PVC-H ve PVC-F kompozit numuneleri kopma dayanımlarının atık suni deri PVC kompozit (PVC-S) ve atık kablo PVC kompozit (PVC-K) numunelerine göre iyi sonuç vermiĢtir. Atık PVC‟den elde edilen kompozit malzemelerin çekme mukavemeti düĢüktür. Ancak ekonomik açıdan bakıldığında, düĢük maliyetteki geri dönüĢtürülmüĢ malzemelerin kullanılması ile doğal kaynaklarımızın korunması ve çevresel dengenin sağlanmasında bakımından önemli katkı sağlayacağı kanıtlanmıĢtır. Mukavemetin tolere edilebilir durumlarda PVC atıklardan ikinci ürün elde edilebileceği ve buna bağlı olarak farklı endüstride ve alanlarda fırsatlar sunacağı bu tez çalıĢması ile desteklenmiĢtir.
Polymers are advanced materials that have been widely used and found in almost every material that is part of our natural world since ancient times.Polymers used for engineering design can often be specially formulated and designed to serve a specific purpose.Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the third most popular synthetic polymer of modern times, is widely used in many existing and newly developed high-tech applications due to its versatile properties such as suitability for long-term use, good chemical stability and durability.PVC, which is used as a direct consumption material, is not biodegradable due to its structure and remains in nature as a waste for a long time without losing its function.The disposal and recycling of PVC is of great importance for the environment and human health in order to prevent the pollution caused by environmental solid wastes as a result of the increasing consumption of PVC products, the increasing consumption rate and the global problems related to carbon dioxide emissions caused by the use of petrochemicals. Accordingly, in this study, a formulation was developed to reuse four different types of expired PVC waste, consisting of PVC cable waste, PVC artificial leather waste, PVC flexible film waste and PVC spiral hose waste. 43.90% PVC waste and 35.20% calcite, 17.60% DOTP (plasticizer), 2.6% paint, 0.40% stearic acid (lubricant) and 0.40% desiccant additives are mixed under optimum conditions in the extruder. 4 different types of composite samples were obtained by processing.In order to determine the usability of the obtained composite materials in different applications, a PVC composite sample was produced from the original (pure) PVC powder in the same proportions and in the process. Mechanical and thermal properties of the samples such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), density, hardness and tensile tests were investigated. According to the SEM, DSC, TGA analysis results, a homogeneous mixture was obtained between the structural components of the composite samples consisting of PVC waste. It has been concluded that waste spiral hose PVC composite (PVC-H) and waste PVC flexible film composite (PVC-F) can be used instead of raw original PVC polymer by increasing strength.It has been observed vi that the tensile strength of waste PVC composites also gives very low values compared to the original PVC composite. Particularly, PVC-H and PVC-F composite samples showed better tensile strengths than waste artificial leather PVC composite (PVC-S) and waste cable PVC composite (PVC-K) samples. The tensile strength of composite materials obtained from waste PVC is low. However, from an economic point of view, it has been proven that the use of low-cost recycled materials will make a significant contribution to the protection of our natural resources and ensuring environmental balance. It has been supported by this thesis that the strength can be obtained from PVC wastes in tolerable conditions, and accordingly, it will offer opportunities in different industries and fields.
Polymers are advanced materials that have been widely used and found in almost every material that is part of our natural world since ancient times.Polymers used for engineering design can often be specially formulated and designed to serve a specific purpose.Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the third most popular synthetic polymer of modern times, is widely used in many existing and newly developed high-tech applications due to its versatile properties such as suitability for long-term use, good chemical stability and durability.PVC, which is used as a direct consumption material, is not biodegradable due to its structure and remains in nature as a waste for a long time without losing its function.The disposal and recycling of PVC is of great importance for the environment and human health in order to prevent the pollution caused by environmental solid wastes as a result of the increasing consumption of PVC products, the increasing consumption rate and the global problems related to carbon dioxide emissions caused by the use of petrochemicals. Accordingly, in this study, a formulation was developed to reuse four different types of expired PVC waste, consisting of PVC cable waste, PVC artificial leather waste, PVC flexible film waste and PVC spiral hose waste. 43.90% PVC waste and 35.20% calcite, 17.60% DOTP (plasticizer), 2.6% paint, 0.40% stearic acid (lubricant) and 0.40% desiccant additives are mixed under optimum conditions in the extruder. 4 different types of composite samples were obtained by processing.In order to determine the usability of the obtained composite materials in different applications, a PVC composite sample was produced from the original (pure) PVC powder in the same proportions and in the process. Mechanical and thermal properties of the samples such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), density, hardness and tensile tests were investigated. According to the SEM, DSC, TGA analysis results, a homogeneous mixture was obtained between the structural components of the composite samples consisting of PVC waste. It has been concluded that waste spiral hose PVC composite (PVC-H) and waste PVC flexible film composite (PVC-F) can be used instead of raw original PVC polymer by increasing strength.It has been observed vi that the tensile strength of waste PVC composites also gives very low values compared to the original PVC composite. Particularly, PVC-H and PVC-F composite samples showed better tensile strengths than waste artificial leather PVC composite (PVC-S) and waste cable PVC composite (PVC-K) samples. The tensile strength of composite materials obtained from waste PVC is low. However, from an economic point of view, it has been proven that the use of low-cost recycled materials will make a significant contribution to the protection of our natural resources and ensuring environmental balance. It has been supported by this thesis that the strength can be obtained from PVC wastes in tolerable conditions, and accordingly, it will offer opportunities in different industries and fields.
Description
Keywords
Additives, Atık, Composite, Compozite materials, Katkı maddeleri, Kompozit, Kompozit malzemeler, Malzemeler, Materials, Mechanical properties, Mekanik özellikler, Mekanik Özellikler PVC, Özellikler, Polimerler, Polivinil klorid, Polymers, Polyvinyl chloride, Properties, PVC, Termal Özellikler, Termal özellikleri, Thermal properties, Waste