Publication: Ebû Bekir el-Cessâs'ın tahsis anlayışı ve Fürû Fıkha tatbiki
Abstract
Fıkıh usulü, ortaya çıkışından itibaren birçok tartışmaya sahne olmuş ve özellikle elfaz bahisleri fakihler arasında geniş çaplı ihtilaflara neden olmuştur. Âm, hâs ve tahsis meseleleri bu tartışmaların merkezinde yer almış, farklı ekollerin yaklaşımları usul düşüncesinin gelişiminde belirleyici rol oynamıştır. Hanefî ekolünün Irak’taki en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olan Ebû Bekir el-Cessâs, söz konusu tartışmaları ele alırken yalnızca teorik değerlendirmelerle yetinmemiş, aynı zamanda muhalif görüşlere de cevap vermiş ve meseleleri adeta bir münazara üslubuyla tartışmıştır. Özellikle am lafzın delaleti, tahsisi ve tahsis için öne sürdüğü şartlar, onun usule katkılarının merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Ebû Bekir el-Cessâs’ın el-Fusûl fi’l-Usûl adlı eserinde ele aldığı âm ve tahsis konularına dair yaklaşımı ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Cessâs’ın âm lafzın delaleti, bu delaletin hangi boyutlarda kesinlik ifade ettiği, tahsisin hangi durumlarda gerçekleşebileceği ve tahsisin geçerli olabilmesi için hangi şartların aranması gerektiği hususundaki görüşleri tespit edilmekte; bu görüşlerin onun usul düşüncesindeki yeri ortaya konulmaktadır. Daha sonra, bu usulî çerçevenin furû fıkıh alanında nasıl yansıma bulduğu, Cessâs’ın özellikle Ahkâmü’l-Kur’ân ve Şerhu Muhtasari’t-Tahâvî adlı eserlerindeki yorumları üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Böylelikle, Cessâs’ın usulde belirlediği ilkeleri furû meselelerde ne ölçüde tatbik ettiği, ortaya koyduğu şartlara sadık kalıp kalmadığı ve kendi usûli çizgisinde istikrarlı bir tutarlılık gösterip göstermediği sorgulanmaktadır. Bu inceleme sayesinde, Cessâs’ın usul-furû bütünlüğünü sağlayabilme konusundaki başarısı tespit edilmeye çalışılmakta; onun yaklaşımının yalnızca teorik tartışmalarla sınırlı kalmayıp, aynı zamanda furû fıkhın pratik meselelerinde de nasıl bir etki doğurduğu analiz edilmektedir. Neticede, araştırma Cessâs’ın tahsis anlayışının fıkıh usulü ile furû fıkıh arasındaki ilişkinin mahiyetine nasıl ışık tuttuğunu, bu iki alan arasında kurduğu bağın sağlamlığını ve katkı düzeyini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Böylelikle hem Cessâs’ın usulî katkılarının değeri hem de genel olarak fıkıh usulü ile furû fıkıh arasındaki ilişkinin doğası daha anlaşılır hale getirilmektedir.
Since its emergence, the discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh has witnessed numerous debates, with the discussions on alfāẓ (linguistic expressions) occupying a central place. Issues such as the ʿāmm (general), the khāṣṣ (particular), and takhṣīṣ (specification) have been at the heart of these debates, and the approaches of different schools played a decisive role in shaping the development of legal theory. One of the most prominent representatives of the Ḥanafī school in Iraq, Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ, did not confine himself merely to theoretical evaluations when addressing these debates; rather, he responded to opposing views and engaged with them in a style that resembled dialectical disputation. In particular, his treatment of the dalālah (indication) of the ʿāmm, its specification, and the conditions he stipulated for valid takhṣīṣ constitutes the core of his contributions to uṣūl al-fiqh. This study first undertakes a detailed examination of Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s approach to the concepts of ʿāmm and takhṣīṣ in his al-Fuṣūl fī al-Uṣūl. His views on the dalālah of the ʿāmm, the extent to which such dalālah conveys certainty, the circumstances under which takhṣīṣ may occur, and the conditions required for its validity are analyzed, with a view to clarifying the place of these discussions within his legal theory. Subsequently, the study investigates how this theoretical framework is reflected in the field of furūʿ al-fiqh through his interpretations in Aḥkām al-Qurʾān and Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Ṭaḥāwī. In this way, it examines to what extent al-Jaṣṣāṣ applied the principles he established in uṣūl to practical legal issues, whether he consistently adhered to the conditions he had stipulated, and whether he maintained coherence within his methodological framework. Through this analysis, the study aims to assess al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s success in establishing coherence between uṣūl and furūʿ. It further seeks to demonstrate that his approach was not confined to theoretical discussions, but also had significant implications for practical jurisprudence. Ultimately, this research endeavors to show how al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s conception of takhṣīṣ sheds light on the nature of the relationship between uṣūl al-fiqh and furūʿ al-fiqh, to what extent he was able to construct a stable link between these two domains, and what his contributions signify for the broader understanding of the interplay between legal theory and substantive law. Thus, the value of al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s contributions to uṣūl as well as the overall nature of the connection between uṣūl al-fiqh and furūʿ al-fiqh are rendered more comprehensible.
Since its emergence, the discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh has witnessed numerous debates, with the discussions on alfāẓ (linguistic expressions) occupying a central place. Issues such as the ʿāmm (general), the khāṣṣ (particular), and takhṣīṣ (specification) have been at the heart of these debates, and the approaches of different schools played a decisive role in shaping the development of legal theory. One of the most prominent representatives of the Ḥanafī school in Iraq, Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ, did not confine himself merely to theoretical evaluations when addressing these debates; rather, he responded to opposing views and engaged with them in a style that resembled dialectical disputation. In particular, his treatment of the dalālah (indication) of the ʿāmm, its specification, and the conditions he stipulated for valid takhṣīṣ constitutes the core of his contributions to uṣūl al-fiqh. This study first undertakes a detailed examination of Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s approach to the concepts of ʿāmm and takhṣīṣ in his al-Fuṣūl fī al-Uṣūl. His views on the dalālah of the ʿāmm, the extent to which such dalālah conveys certainty, the circumstances under which takhṣīṣ may occur, and the conditions required for its validity are analyzed, with a view to clarifying the place of these discussions within his legal theory. Subsequently, the study investigates how this theoretical framework is reflected in the field of furūʿ al-fiqh through his interpretations in Aḥkām al-Qurʾān and Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Ṭaḥāwī. In this way, it examines to what extent al-Jaṣṣāṣ applied the principles he established in uṣūl to practical legal issues, whether he consistently adhered to the conditions he had stipulated, and whether he maintained coherence within his methodological framework. Through this analysis, the study aims to assess al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s success in establishing coherence between uṣūl and furūʿ. It further seeks to demonstrate that his approach was not confined to theoretical discussions, but also had significant implications for practical jurisprudence. Ultimately, this research endeavors to show how al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s conception of takhṣīṣ sheds light on the nature of the relationship between uṣūl al-fiqh and furūʿ al-fiqh, to what extent he was able to construct a stable link between these two domains, and what his contributions signify for the broader understanding of the interplay between legal theory and substantive law. Thus, the value of al-Jaṣṣāṣ’s contributions to uṣūl as well as the overall nature of the connection between uṣūl al-fiqh and furūʿ al-fiqh are rendered more comprehensible.