Publication: Birinci dünya savaşı ve sonrasında İngilizler ve Irak Şiîleri
Abstract
1914-1918 yılları arasında gerçekleşen Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal sonuçları özellikle savaşın taraflarında yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. 19. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru merkezî otoritesi zaten zayıflamış olan Osmanlı Devleti bu savaşta birçok cephede aynı anda savaşmak zorunda kalarak ciddi toprak kayıpları yaşamıştır. Bu cephelerden biri olan Irak Cephesi’ndeki mücadele İngilizlere karşı verilmiştir. Savaşın başlamasıyla Basra Körfezi’ndeki ticaretini korumaya çalışan İngiltere için Irak toprakları ciddi bir faaliyet alanı haline gelmiştir. 1914 Basra işgaliyle başlayan ülkeyi ilhak girişimleri bölgede yaklaşık dört yüzyıl süren Osmanlı hakimiyetine son verirken ülke sathında İngilizlere karşı Şiî ulema önderliğinde bir direniş hareketinin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Şiî otoriteler İngilizlere karşı cihad ilan eden fetvalar yayınlamak suretiyle Osmanlı Devleti’yle birlikte topyekûn bir direniş örgütlemiştir. İki aşamadan oluşan bu direnişin Bağdat işgaline kadarki (1914-1917) ilk aşamasında muharrik güç dinî motivasyonlarken Kral Faysal’ın tahta çıkarılmasına kadar süren (1917-1921) ikinci aşamasında ise milliyetçi sâikler olmuştur. Bu çalışmada 1914 yılından 1921 yılına kadarki süre zarfında Irak’taki İngiliz işgaline karşı gerçekleşen Şiî direnişi neden ve sonuçlarıyla birlikte ele alınmaktadır.
The political, economic and social consequences of the First World War, which took place between 1914-1918, marked the beginning of a new era, especially on the sides of the war. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, whose central authority had already weakened, had to fight on many fronts at the same time and suffered serious territorial losses. One of these fronts was the Iraqi Front. With the beginning of the war, the Iraqi lands became a field of activity for Britain, which was trying to protect its trade in the Persian Gulf, and the annexation attempts of the country, which started with the 1914 invasion of Basra, ended the Ottoman domination in the region, which lasted for about six centuries, and started a resistance movement led by the Shiite ulama against the British throughout the country. Shiite authorities organized a total resistance together with the Ottoman Empire by issuing fatwas declaring jihad against the British. In the first stage of this resistance, which consisted of two stages, until the invasion of Baghdad (1914-1917), the driving force was religious motivations, while in the second stage, until the ascension of King Faisal (1917-1921), nationalist motives. In this study, the Shiite resistance against the British occupation in Iraq from 1914 to 1921 will be discussed together with its causes and consequences.
The political, economic and social consequences of the First World War, which took place between 1914-1918, marked the beginning of a new era, especially on the sides of the war. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, whose central authority had already weakened, had to fight on many fronts at the same time and suffered serious territorial losses. One of these fronts was the Iraqi Front. With the beginning of the war, the Iraqi lands became a field of activity for Britain, which was trying to protect its trade in the Persian Gulf, and the annexation attempts of the country, which started with the 1914 invasion of Basra, ended the Ottoman domination in the region, which lasted for about six centuries, and started a resistance movement led by the Shiite ulama against the British throughout the country. Shiite authorities organized a total resistance together with the Ottoman Empire by issuing fatwas declaring jihad against the British. In the first stage of this resistance, which consisted of two stages, until the invasion of Baghdad (1914-1917), the driving force was religious motivations, while in the second stage, until the ascension of King Faisal (1917-1921), nationalist motives. In this study, the Shiite resistance against the British occupation in Iraq from 1914 to 1921 will be discussed together with its causes and consequences.