Publication: Arap Dili ve belağatına göre Kur’an-ı Kerim’de Nehiy
Abstract
TEZ ÖZETİ Meânî İlmi’nde, Talebî İnşâ’nın çeşitlerinden olan nehiy, otorite ve üstünlükle, bir işin yapılmamasını kesin olarak istemektir. Belâgat âlimleri, nehyi, açık nehiy kipi olan lâ-i nâhiye ile sınırlandırarak ele almışlar, açık olmayan nehiy kiplerini eserlerinde işlememişlerdir. Belâgatteki anlamda nehyin tek bir kipi vardır. O da başına lâ-i nâhiyenin geldiği muzâri fiildir. Bu muzari fiil, muhâtab kipine ait ise nehy-i hâzır, gâib kipine ait ise nehy-i gâib olur. Nehiy, isti‘lâ (otorite ve üstünlük) yoluyla olması, başkasıyla ilgili olması, fâillerinin istekli olması bakımından emre benzer. Kiplerinin farklı olması, nehyin bir yasağa, emrin ise bir talebe delâlet etmesi bakımından da birbirlerinden ayrılır. Nehyin hakikî anlamlarının yanında mecâzî anlamları da vardır. Hakikî anlamları, et-tahrîm (haram kılma) ve el-kerâhe (çirkin görme); mecâzî anlamları ise, duâ, nasihât ve irşâd, iltimâs, âkıbeti bildirme, ümitsizliğe düşürme, temennî, tehdit, kınama ve azarlama, teselli etme ve sabırlı olmayı tavsiye etme, küçümseme… vs’dir. Nehiy, Kur’ân-ı Kerim’de hakikî anlamda birçok yerde kullanıldığı gibi mecâzî anlamda da kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, Nehyin Kur’ân-ı Kerim’de birtakım kullanım özellikleri de vardır. Bazı ayetlerde nehiy, lafızda herhangi bir şeye yönelmiş görünüp mecâz yoluyla muhâtabın nehyi kastedilmiştir. Birçok yerde “lâ-i nâhiye” ve “kevn” herhangi bir sıfat ile birlikte kullanılarak nehiy yapılmıştır. Bazı ayetlerde, herhangi bir şeyi yapmaktan nehyetmek yerine, o şeye yaklaşmaktan nehyetmek şeklinde kullanımlar vardır. Yine birçok ayette nehyin muhatabı, Hz. Peygamber ve onun ailesidir. Bazı âyetlerde ise, “lâ” hem nâhiye hem de nâfiye anlamlarında kullanılmıştır. THESIS
Nehiy, which is one kind of “Talebî İnşâ” in the science of “Meânî”, means prohibiting something with authority and superiority. The scholars of Belâgat have chosen to use in their works the type of “nehiy” named “lâ-i nâhiye” which may be considered as open or clear type of “nehiy” compared to the other types which may be considered as closed or hidden type. This type of nehiy which is used in Belâgat consists of a muzâri verb at the head of which lâ-i nâhiye is added. If this muzâri verb is of muhâtab type, then it is called a “nehy-i hâzır”; if it is of gâib type, this muzâri verb is called “nehy-i gâib”. Nehiy is like emir in the senses that they are both built on the grounds of authority and superiority and they are both pointing at someone else. However, they have both textual and meaning differences such that nehiy states a prohibition and emir states a request. In addition to its real meaning, nehiy has metaphorical meanings. Its real meanings are et-tahrîm and el-kerâhe. Its metaphorical meanings include prayer, advice and guidance, iltimas, to tell the consequences, to push into desperation, wish, coercion, to censure, to console, to advise being patient, to despise…etc. Besides being heavily used in its real meaning, nehiy is also used in its metaphorical meaning in Kur’ân-ı Kerim. Nehiy also has some usage properties in Kur’ân-ı Kerim. In some verses in Kur’ân-ı Kerim, nehiy seems to point at something whereas it metaphorically points at the person who is spoken to. In most places, nehiy is done using “lâ-i nâhiye” and “kevn” with an attribute. In some verses, there are uses of nehiy by not directly prohibiting something, but prohibiting becoming close to something. And in many verses, the target of nehiy is the Prophet and his family. Also in some verses, “lâ” is used in both nâhiye and nâfiye meanings.
Nehiy, which is one kind of “Talebî İnşâ” in the science of “Meânî”, means prohibiting something with authority and superiority. The scholars of Belâgat have chosen to use in their works the type of “nehiy” named “lâ-i nâhiye” which may be considered as open or clear type of “nehiy” compared to the other types which may be considered as closed or hidden type. This type of nehiy which is used in Belâgat consists of a muzâri verb at the head of which lâ-i nâhiye is added. If this muzâri verb is of muhâtab type, then it is called a “nehy-i hâzır”; if it is of gâib type, this muzâri verb is called “nehy-i gâib”. Nehiy is like emir in the senses that they are both built on the grounds of authority and superiority and they are both pointing at someone else. However, they have both textual and meaning differences such that nehiy states a prohibition and emir states a request. In addition to its real meaning, nehiy has metaphorical meanings. Its real meanings are et-tahrîm and el-kerâhe. Its metaphorical meanings include prayer, advice and guidance, iltimas, to tell the consequences, to push into desperation, wish, coercion, to censure, to console, to advise being patient, to despise…etc. Besides being heavily used in its real meaning, nehiy is also used in its metaphorical meaning in Kur’ân-ı Kerim. Nehiy also has some usage properties in Kur’ân-ı Kerim. In some verses in Kur’ân-ı Kerim, nehiy seems to point at something whereas it metaphorically points at the person who is spoken to. In most places, nehiy is done using “lâ-i nâhiye” and “kevn” with an attribute. In some verses, there are uses of nehiy by not directly prohibiting something, but prohibiting becoming close to something. And in many verses, the target of nehiy is the Prophet and his family. Also in some verses, “lâ” is used in both nâhiye and nâfiye meanings.