Publication: Afganistan Medeni Kanununa Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye’nin etkisi (Kitâbü’l-İcârat örneği)
Abstract
Afganistan topraklarına İslâm’ın girmesiyle birlikte geleneksel hukuk ve İslâm öncesi bölgede hâkim dinlerin yerini İslâm dini ve İslâm hukuku almıştır. O günden itibaren halk arasındaki anlaşmazlıkların çözülmesi için genelde İslâm hukuku, özelde ise Hanefi mezhebine göre hareket edilmiştir. Diğer İslâm ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Afganistan’da da ilk dönemlerde müftüler ve kadılara müracaat edilerek hukuki ve adli sorunlar halledilmeye çalışılmıştır. Medeni hukukla ilgili Afganistan’ın farklı dönemlerinde, devrin hâkimleri tarafından gerek nizamnâme, gerek usulnâme adında bazen de şah fermanları gibi çeşitli isimlerde yasalar çıkartılmıştır. Emîr Abdurahman Han (1880-1901) devrinde Esâsü’l-Kudât’la başlayan Medeni Kanun şeklindeki yasa çıkarma geleneği, Emânullah Han (1919-1929) devrinde biraz daha geliştirilmiş, hem Medeni Kanun hem Ceza Kanunu ahkâmını içeren Temessüku’l-Kudâti’l-Emâniyye isminde bir nizamnâme, Hanefi mezhebi esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Afganistan tarihinde ilk defa 1977 yılında geniş kapsamlı bir Medeni Kanun hazırlanıp yürürlüğe girmiştir. Muhammed Zahir Şah (1933-1973) döneminde taslağı hazırlanan ve Davud Han (1973-1978) iktidarının son dönemlerinde incelendikten sonra yürürlüğe konulan bu kanun, zaman içinde bazı değişikliklere uğramakla beraber, Kanun-ı Medeni Afganistan adı altında halen yürürlüktedir. Bu çalışmanın temel hedefi söz konusu Afganistan Medeni Kanunu’nun ikinci babından itibaren başlayıp 133 maddeyi kapsayan Kitâbü’l- İcârat kısmının (1322-1455 md.) kaynaklarını tespit etmeye yöneliktir. Bunun yanı sıra ilk bölümde Osmanlı hukuku ve Mecelle’ye dair genel bilgi verilmiştir. Afganistan’da kanunlaştırma faaliyetleri, Afganistan Medeni Kanunu’nun tarihçesi ve muhtevasından da kısaca bahsedilmektedir.
With the advent of Islam into Afghanistan territory, traditional law and the dominant religions in the pre-Islamic period were replaced by Islam and Islamic law. Similar to other Islamic countries, legal and judicial problems were solved through consultations by the muftis and judges (Qazis) in the early periods in Afghanistan. From that day on, Islamic law in general, and the Hanafi school of thought in particular, started being used to resolve conflicts and problems. Concerning Civil law was enacted by the judges of the period in the name of the regulation (nizamnâme or usulnâme) and sometimes Sultan’s decree in different periods of Afghanistan. The tradition of enacting laws in the form of Civil Code, which started with Esâsü’l-Kudat during the reign of Emir Abdurahman Khan (1880-1901), was developed a little more during the reign of Amanullah Khan (1919-1929), as Temessuku’l-Kudati, which includes both the Civil Code and the Penal Code. The nizamnâme, named al-Amâniyye, was prepared based on the Hanafi sect. A comprehensive Civil Code was prepared and came into force in 1977 for the first time in the history of Afghanistan. This law was drafted during the reign of Muhammed Zahir Shah (1933-1973) and put into effect after being examined in the last periods of Dawud Khan (1973-1978). It is still being used under the naming Kanuni Madani Afghanistan with some changes. The main objective of this study is to determine the sources of the Kitâbu’l-Ijarat section (1322-1455 clause) of the law, which starts from the second chapter of the Afghanistan Civil Code, covering 133 clauses. In addition, general information about Ottoman law and Majalla is given in the first part. Legislation activities and the history and content of the Afghanistan Civil Code are also briefly mentioned.
With the advent of Islam into Afghanistan territory, traditional law and the dominant religions in the pre-Islamic period were replaced by Islam and Islamic law. Similar to other Islamic countries, legal and judicial problems were solved through consultations by the muftis and judges (Qazis) in the early periods in Afghanistan. From that day on, Islamic law in general, and the Hanafi school of thought in particular, started being used to resolve conflicts and problems. Concerning Civil law was enacted by the judges of the period in the name of the regulation (nizamnâme or usulnâme) and sometimes Sultan’s decree in different periods of Afghanistan. The tradition of enacting laws in the form of Civil Code, which started with Esâsü’l-Kudat during the reign of Emir Abdurahman Khan (1880-1901), was developed a little more during the reign of Amanullah Khan (1919-1929), as Temessuku’l-Kudati, which includes both the Civil Code and the Penal Code. The nizamnâme, named al-Amâniyye, was prepared based on the Hanafi sect. A comprehensive Civil Code was prepared and came into force in 1977 for the first time in the history of Afghanistan. This law was drafted during the reign of Muhammed Zahir Shah (1933-1973) and put into effect after being examined in the last periods of Dawud Khan (1973-1978). It is still being used under the naming Kanuni Madani Afghanistan with some changes. The main objective of this study is to determine the sources of the Kitâbu’l-Ijarat section (1322-1455 clause) of the law, which starts from the second chapter of the Afghanistan Civil Code, covering 133 clauses. In addition, general information about Ottoman law and Majalla is given in the first part. Legislation activities and the history and content of the Afghanistan Civil Code are also briefly mentioned.