Publication: İslam hukukunda kiracının kira sözleşmesi kapsamındaki hakkının hukukî niteliğine dair bir inceleme
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Hukuk düzeninin kişiye bahşettiği haklar, iktisadi değer taşıması yönünden “malvarlığı hakkı” ve “şahıs
varlığı hakkı” şeklinde esaslı bir ayrıma tabi tutularak incelenmektedir. İktisadi değer taşıyor olması yönüyle
şahıs varlığı haklarından farklılaşan malvarlığı hakları, herkese karşı ileri sürülebiliyor olması durumunda
“mutlak”, yalnızca borçlu namındaki yükümlüye karşı ileri sürülebiliyor olması halinde ise “nisbî” şeklinde
nitelenir. Mutlak mamelek hakları somut bir kütleye sahip olan (cismanî) bir konu üzerine kuruluysa aynî
hak adını alır. Aynî haklar, nisbî özellik taşıyan ve dolayısıyla belirli bir şahsın edimi sayesinde ve ancak onun
aracılığıyla kullanılan alacak haklarıyla birlikte malvarlığının iki önemli bileşenini oluşturur. Tarihsel
süreçte bu iki hak türünü birbirine yaklaştırmaya yönelik çeşitli teşebbüslerde bulunulmuşsa da bu haklar
gerek mahiyet gerek hüküm itibariyle farklı kabul edilmeye devam etmiştir. Söz konusu farklılık, hakkın
konusu üzerindeki hakimiyetin şekli yani doğrudan veya dolaylı olması bakımından, bahse konu hakların
eşyanın aidiyetine etkisi açısından, hakkın mutlak veya nisbî olması cihetinden, sürekli olup olmama
yönünden ve makalede etraflıca ele alınacağı üzere öncelik/üstünlük itibariyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kara
Avrupası hukuk sistemine ait olan bu kavramsal kurgu ve terimlerin muadillerine veya benzerlerine İslam
hukuk doktrini içerisinde de rastlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda fıkıh literatüründe malvarlığı haklarının tümüne
şamil olacak şekilde “milk” terimi kullanılmış, hakkın konu edindiği varlığın niteliğine göre de “milkü’l-ayn”,
“milkü’l-menfaa”, “milkü’d-deyn”, “milkü’l-habs ve’l-yed” gibi terimler geliştirilmiştir. İnsanlar arasındaki
hukuki menfaatlerin karşı karşıya geldiği bazı durumlarda bu iki hak türü arasında tercih yapmak
gerekebilmektedir. Bu tarz bir tercih durumunda aynî haklara, ihtiva ettiği yetkiler dikkate alınarak şahsî
haklar karşısında bir tür öncelik tanınmıştır. Söz konusu önceliğin en belirgin şekilde görüldüğü yerlerden
biri de kiraya verilen malın kira akdi devam ettiği sırada üçüncü kişilere devredilmesidir. Bu noktada İslam
hukukunda kira akdinin kişiye kazandırdığı yetkiler Kara Avrupası hukuk sistemine göre farklılık arz eder.
Makalede kiracının bu hakkının İslam hukukuna göre -Kara Avrupası hukuk sisteminden farklı olarak- aynî
nitelikte kabul edildiği savunulmaktadır. Bunu temellendirmek için kiralanan malın kira müddeti içerisinde
üçüncü şahıslara satılması, kiralanması veya gasp gibi haksız fiil şeklinde yorumlanabilecek yollarla intikal
etmesi halinde fıkıh doktrininde kiracıya tanınan yetkiler incelenmiş İslam hukukunun bu hususlardaki
özgün yaklaşımı klasik ve modern fıkıh eserleri dikkate alınarak, Türk hukukuyla da kıyaslamalar yapmak
suretiyle ifade edilmiştir.
The rights granted to individuals by the legal system are examined with a fundamental distinction as regards their economic value as "property rights" and "personal rights". Property rights, which differ from personal rights in terms of their economic value, are characterized as ‘absolute’ if they can be asserted against everyone and as ‘relative’ if they can only be claimed against the convict on behalf of the debtor. If absolute property rights are based on a tangible (physical) subject, they are referred to as real rights. Real rights and rights of claim that have relative characteristics and can therefore only be used through the act of a specific person constitute two important components of a property. Although various attempts have been made to bring these two types of rights closer together in the historical process, these rights have continued to be considered different in terms of both nature and legal implications. The aforementioned difference arises from the form of dominance over the subject of the right, whether it is direct or indirect, the impact of these rights on the ownership of the property, whether the right is absolute or relative, whether it is continuous or not, and priority/superiority, which will be discussed in detail in the article. The conceptual framework and terms belonging to the Continental European legal system are also found in Islamic legal doctrine in similar or equivalent forms. In this context, the term "milk" has been used in the fiqh literature to encompass all property rights, and terms such as "milk al-ayn," "milk al-manfaa," "milk al-dayn," and "milk al-habs wal-yad" have been developed depending on the nature of the property subject to the right. Real rights and personal rights constitute two important parts of the asset. In some cases where legal interests between people are confronted, it may be necessary to choose between these two types of rights. In such cases, considering the authorities it contains, a kind of priority has been given to real rights over personal rights. One of the cases where this priority is most clearly seen is when a leased property is transferred to third parties while the current lease agreement is in effect. In Islamic law, the authorities granted to the person by the lease contract differ from the Continental European legal system. At this point, the powers granted by the lease contract in Islamic law differ from those in the Continental European legal system. This article argues that the right of the tenant in this regard is considered as real right in Islamic law, unlike in the Continental European legal system. To justify this, the authorities granted to the tenant in Islamic law have been examined in cases where the leased property is transferred to third parties through means that can be interpreted as unlawful acts such as sale, lease, or usurpation during the lease period. In addition, the unique approach of Islamic law on this issue has been expressed by considering both classical and modern fiqh works, and by making comparisons with Turkish law.
The rights granted to individuals by the legal system are examined with a fundamental distinction as regards their economic value as "property rights" and "personal rights". Property rights, which differ from personal rights in terms of their economic value, are characterized as ‘absolute’ if they can be asserted against everyone and as ‘relative’ if they can only be claimed against the convict on behalf of the debtor. If absolute property rights are based on a tangible (physical) subject, they are referred to as real rights. Real rights and rights of claim that have relative characteristics and can therefore only be used through the act of a specific person constitute two important components of a property. Although various attempts have been made to bring these two types of rights closer together in the historical process, these rights have continued to be considered different in terms of both nature and legal implications. The aforementioned difference arises from the form of dominance over the subject of the right, whether it is direct or indirect, the impact of these rights on the ownership of the property, whether the right is absolute or relative, whether it is continuous or not, and priority/superiority, which will be discussed in detail in the article. The conceptual framework and terms belonging to the Continental European legal system are also found in Islamic legal doctrine in similar or equivalent forms. In this context, the term "milk" has been used in the fiqh literature to encompass all property rights, and terms such as "milk al-ayn," "milk al-manfaa," "milk al-dayn," and "milk al-habs wal-yad" have been developed depending on the nature of the property subject to the right. Real rights and personal rights constitute two important parts of the asset. In some cases where legal interests between people are confronted, it may be necessary to choose between these two types of rights. In such cases, considering the authorities it contains, a kind of priority has been given to real rights over personal rights. One of the cases where this priority is most clearly seen is when a leased property is transferred to third parties while the current lease agreement is in effect. In Islamic law, the authorities granted to the person by the lease contract differ from the Continental European legal system. At this point, the powers granted by the lease contract in Islamic law differ from those in the Continental European legal system. This article argues that the right of the tenant in this regard is considered as real right in Islamic law, unlike in the Continental European legal system. To justify this, the authorities granted to the tenant in Islamic law have been examined in cases where the leased property is transferred to third parties through means that can be interpreted as unlawful acts such as sale, lease, or usurpation during the lease period. In addition, the unique approach of Islamic law on this issue has been expressed by considering both classical and modern fiqh works, and by making comparisons with Turkish law.
Description
Keywords
Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler, İlahiyat, İslam Hukuku, Hukuk, Social Sciences and Humanities, Theology, Islamic Law, Law, Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler (AHCI), Sosyal Bilimler (SOC), Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler, Sosyal Bilimler Genel, DİN, HUKUK, Arts & Humanities (AHCI), Social Sciences (SOC), ARTS & HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES, GENERAL, RELIGION, LAW, Dini çalışmalar, Sosyal Bilimler ve Beşeri Bilimler, Religious Studies, Social Sciences & Humanities, : İslam Hukuku, Alacak Hakkı, Mamelek, Deyn, Ayn, Milk, Islamic Jurisprudence, Right of Claim, Dayn, ‘Ayn
Citation
Özmen M. Y., Hacak H., "İslam Hukukunda Kiracının Kira Sözleşmesi Kapsamındaki Hakkının Hukukî Niteliğine Dair Bir İnceleme", ATEBE, sa.9, ss.89-116, 2023
