Publication: 4342 sayılı Mera Kanunu’ nun incelenmesi ve eleştirisi
Abstract
Bilindiği gibi, meraların iki ana işlevi vardır. Bunlardan birincisi, tümüyle çevre sistemleri ile ilgili olup, konumuz dışında kalmaktadır. İkincisi ise İnsan yaşamı ile ilgili olduğundan, bizi ilgilendirmektedir. Mera alanları, insanların bitmez - tükenmez ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Temel kaynak olan toprağın yetiştirdiği ot, hayvanlar tarafından insanların tüketimi için gerekli ürüne dönüştürülmektedir. Yiyecek ve giyecek harcamalarımızın yaklaşık 1/ 3 ü hayvansal kaynaklardan karşılanmaktadır. İnsanoğlunun ihtiyaçlarından oluşan zincir, belli başlı uzantılarıyla toprağın geliştirilmesine ve korunmasına, istenen miktarda otun sürekli üretimine, evcil hayvanların otlamasına ve yabani hayata dayanır. Bilinçsiz otlatma pratikleri yüzünden üst toprağın erozyona uğraması sonucu bu zincir bozulur. Nüfusla birlikte hayvan üretiminin de artması, mera alanlarını başka türlü kullanılması, bu alanlar için büyük tehlike yaratmaktadır. Tarihi sürece baktığımızda, gerek Osmanlı ve gerekse Türkiye Cumhuriyeti döneminde, bu alanlara gerekli önemin verilmediğini görüyoruz. Bu ise, mera alanlarının %50 'sinin tarım toprağına dönüştürülmesine yol açmıştır. Yok olma sürecin hızlandığını fark eden TBMM. en sonunda Mera Kanunu'nu kabul ederek yürürlüğe koymuştur. Tezimizin konusunu Mera Kanunu'nun İncelenmesi ve Eleştirisi oluşturmaktadır. Mera terimi, tüm orta mallarını kapsayacak şekilde kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle mera kavramı üzerinde durularak, tanımlanmıştır. Daha sonra mera nitelemesi için gerekli şartlar incelenmiştir. Diğer yandan tahsisin geri alınması yoluyla mera niteliğinin kaldırılması için, gerekli şartlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda gerek doktrin ve gerekse Yargıtay'ın görüşleri yansıtılmıştır. Mera niteliğinin hukuki sonuçları ile bu alanlardan yararlanma hakkına sahip olanlar ve bunların yükümlülükleri tespit edilmiştir. Mera alanlarının eski verimliliklerine kavuşturulması için, alınması geren önlemler belirtilmiştir. Kanunun çelişik hükümleri tespit edilerek, düzeltilmesi için gerekli öneriler, sonuç bölümünde sunulmuştur.
As we know rangeland functions mainly in two ways which serve the life of all beings. The fırst is related to whole eco - system and as this issue is not our area of interest we did not discuss it in our thesis further then this point. The second function which is our main interest about rangeland is basicly the part concerning human life. Rangeland plays an important role in insuring the never - ending chain of human needs. The soil is the basic resource producing forage that is converted by animals into product for human consumption. About one - third of all expenditures for food and clothing is for animal products - meat and milk, fats, leather and wool. The main links of this chain of human needs are soil development and maintenance, continuous production of desireable forage and grazing by domestic animals and wildlife. The chain is disrupted when the topsoil is eroded away as by unwise grazing practıces. As population increased, more animals were produced in many localities they became so numerous as to jeopardize forage growth and other uses of the land. When we look backward at historical procedures we see that not much importance was given to rangeland in Ottoman history and also in Turkey. This lack of importance converted %50 percentage of rangeland into husbandry. When this extinction of rangeland was realised by Turkish Parliament, in the end the parliament enacted a law of rangeland. The subject of our thesis is to study Analysis and Criticizing of Law of Rangeland. Rangeland include pasture, meadow and all natural grasslands. In our thesis primarily we worked on rangeland conceptualy and distinguished a concise definition of rangeland. Then tried to argue the conditions in which a wasteland can became rangeland. We also depicted essential conditions which regulate the transformation of rangeland to plain. The result of this transformation are explicitly shown. İn this context we describe opinion of several doctrins and decision of Supreme Court . We also explained who have the right to utilize from rangeland and indicated that how this rangeland reach to their former efficacy. İn the conclusion part of our thesis we offered some proposes about contradicted regulations of the Rangeland Law.
As we know rangeland functions mainly in two ways which serve the life of all beings. The fırst is related to whole eco - system and as this issue is not our area of interest we did not discuss it in our thesis further then this point. The second function which is our main interest about rangeland is basicly the part concerning human life. Rangeland plays an important role in insuring the never - ending chain of human needs. The soil is the basic resource producing forage that is converted by animals into product for human consumption. About one - third of all expenditures for food and clothing is for animal products - meat and milk, fats, leather and wool. The main links of this chain of human needs are soil development and maintenance, continuous production of desireable forage and grazing by domestic animals and wildlife. The chain is disrupted when the topsoil is eroded away as by unwise grazing practıces. As population increased, more animals were produced in many localities they became so numerous as to jeopardize forage growth and other uses of the land. When we look backward at historical procedures we see that not much importance was given to rangeland in Ottoman history and also in Turkey. This lack of importance converted %50 percentage of rangeland into husbandry. When this extinction of rangeland was realised by Turkish Parliament, in the end the parliament enacted a law of rangeland. The subject of our thesis is to study Analysis and Criticizing of Law of Rangeland. Rangeland include pasture, meadow and all natural grasslands. In our thesis primarily we worked on rangeland conceptualy and distinguished a concise definition of rangeland. Then tried to argue the conditions in which a wasteland can became rangeland. We also depicted essential conditions which regulate the transformation of rangeland to plain. The result of this transformation are explicitly shown. İn this context we describe opinion of several doctrins and decision of Supreme Court . We also explained who have the right to utilize from rangeland and indicated that how this rangeland reach to their former efficacy. İn the conclusion part of our thesis we offered some proposes about contradicted regulations of the Rangeland Law.