Publication: Gümrük Birliği’ ne geçiş sürecinde KOBİ’ lerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri yapı malzemeleri sektöründe bir uygulama
Abstract
KOBİ'ler bütün dünyada gerek istihdama olan katkıları, gerekse toplam işletmeler içindeki % 90'lı rakamlarla ifade edilen payları ile büyük bir önem taşımaktadırlar. Ekonomilerin vazgeçilmez dinamik gücünü oluşturan KOBİ'lere yönelik olarak ülkemizde daha istikrarlı bir faaliyet lmelidir. Bilginin en önemli rekabet unsuru olduğu günümüzde KOBİ'lerin kendileriyle ilgili her türlü bilgiye daha etkin bir şekilde ulaşmalarını sağlayıcı çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. Finansman, pazarlama, teknoloji, üretim, işbirliği, eğitim, Ar-Ge gibi konularda KOBİ'lerin önemli sıkıntılar yaşadıkları bilinmektedir. Bu sıkıntılar KOBİ yöneticilerinin eğitim ve bilgi seviyelerinin yetersizliğinin yanı sıra, bu konularda KOBİ'lere yönelik olarak faaliyet gösteren kurum ve kuruluşların faaliyetlerini bu işletmelere ulaştırmada yetersiz kalmaları neticesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu sebeple her iki tarafında çalışmalarını direk sonuca götürecek şekilde ve günümüzün gereklerine uygun olarak profesyonelce yapmaları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Üye ülkeler arasındaki ticari ilişkilerde gümrük vergisi, kota, miktar kısıtlamaları vb. gibi her türlü engellerin kaldırılması ve üçüncü ülkelere karşı ortak bir gümrük tarifesi uygulanması şeklinde tanımlayabileceğimiz Gümrük Birliği'ne, 1.1.1996 tarihinden itibaren Türkiye'de dahil olmuştur. Gümrük Birliği'nin ekonomik olarak bir çok alanda etkileri söz konusudur. Bu etkiler dış ticaret dengesine etkiler, yabancı sermaye akışına etkiler ve kamu sektörüne etkiler gibi başlıklar altında incelenebilir. Bunu yanı sıra Gümrük Birliği'nin KOBİ'lere etkileri mevzuatlar, standartlar, teknoloji ve Ar-Ge, girdi temini, pazarlama, örgütlenme gibi konularda görüşmüştür. Gümrük Birliği sürecinde Türk KOBİ'leri özellikle stadartlar, Ce İşareti, kalite ( ISO 9000 Kalite Standartları) , bar-kod sistemi, çevre duvarları (ISO 14000 Çevre Yönetimi Sistemi, Eko Etiketleme, Eko-Teks, Yeşil Nokta ) gibi konularda gerekli çalışmaları yapmalıdırlar. Çalışmanın son bölümünde gerçekleştirilen Gümrük Birliği'nin İnşaat Malzemeleri Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren Firmalara Etkileri konulu anket çalışmasına katılan firmaların % 41,18'i, Gümrük Birliği'nin kendilerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Gümrük Birliği'nin kendilerini olumlu ve olumsuz yönde etkilediğini belirten firmaların oranı ise % 29,41 olarak tespit edilmiştir.
ABSTARCT Small and Medium Size Enterprises are so important for national economies because of both their contribution to employment and their 90 percent share among total number of enterprises in the world. Therefore, Turkey should apply a more stable programme for small and medium size enterprises which are seen as an unquotable dynamic power of economies. Today's, as knowledge is the most competitive object in the world, small and medium size enterprises should deal with studies and researches in order to reach all the informations about themselves sufficiently. It is known that small and medium size enterprises have crucial difficulties about finance, marketing, technology, production, co-operation, education, researching and developing. This difficulties stem from not only because of unadequate educational level or incapability of managers but also because of institutions and organisations, which are not effective on delivering their studies and works, which are absolutely about small and medium size enterprises, to them. Due to this fact, both sides should act in a way that their actions bring them to a direct resolution and including the effects of our living environment, studies should be made professionally. On 1st.1.1996 Turkey became a member of Customs Union which can be described as abolishing all customs duties, quotas, quantity limits... etc among member states and applying a common customs duties towards third parties. It can be seen lots of effect of Customs Union on Turkish economy. These can be summarised as: the effect on balance of international trade, the effect on flows of foreign capitals and effect on public sector. Moreover, Custom Union has effects on small and medium size enterprises about laws, standardisation, technology, researching and developing, finding assets, marketing, organising.. etc. In the process of Custom Union, Turkish small and medium size enterprises should make necessary works especially about standardisation, sign of CE, quality, system of bar-cod, wall of environment...etc. In the last part of this study, the effects of Custom Union on companies, which are marketing construction materials is searched by a survey and 41,18 percentage of firms that joined that survey said that there is no effects of Custom Union to the sector while 29,41 percentage of them say that Customs Union has been affecting the sector both positively and negatively.
ABSTARCT Small and Medium Size Enterprises are so important for national economies because of both their contribution to employment and their 90 percent share among total number of enterprises in the world. Therefore, Turkey should apply a more stable programme for small and medium size enterprises which are seen as an unquotable dynamic power of economies. Today's, as knowledge is the most competitive object in the world, small and medium size enterprises should deal with studies and researches in order to reach all the informations about themselves sufficiently. It is known that small and medium size enterprises have crucial difficulties about finance, marketing, technology, production, co-operation, education, researching and developing. This difficulties stem from not only because of unadequate educational level or incapability of managers but also because of institutions and organisations, which are not effective on delivering their studies and works, which are absolutely about small and medium size enterprises, to them. Due to this fact, both sides should act in a way that their actions bring them to a direct resolution and including the effects of our living environment, studies should be made professionally. On 1st.1.1996 Turkey became a member of Customs Union which can be described as abolishing all customs duties, quotas, quantity limits... etc among member states and applying a common customs duties towards third parties. It can be seen lots of effect of Customs Union on Turkish economy. These can be summarised as: the effect on balance of international trade, the effect on flows of foreign capitals and effect on public sector. Moreover, Custom Union has effects on small and medium size enterprises about laws, standardisation, technology, researching and developing, finding assets, marketing, organising.. etc. In the process of Custom Union, Turkish small and medium size enterprises should make necessary works especially about standardisation, sign of CE, quality, system of bar-cod, wall of environment...etc. In the last part of this study, the effects of Custom Union on companies, which are marketing construction materials is searched by a survey and 41,18 percentage of firms that joined that survey said that there is no effects of Custom Union to the sector while 29,41 percentage of them say that Customs Union has been affecting the sector both positively and negatively.