Publication: İstanbul ili ilköğretim okullarında kaza epidemiyolojisi ve öğrencilerin okul kazalarında güvenlik önlemlerine yönelik bilgi ve davranış ölçeklerinin geliştirilmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, İstanbul ili ilköğretim okullarında meydana gelen kazaların epidemiyolojisini belirlemek ve Öğrencilerin okul kazalarında güvenlik önlemlerine yönelik bilgi ve davranış ölçeklerini geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın türü, tanımlayıcı ve metodolojiktir. Araştırma, 2003 bahar ve güz, 2004 yılı bahar dönemlerinde yapılmış olup, İstanbul İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğüne bağlı özel ve resmi tüm ilköğretim okulları çalışmanın evrenini oluşturmuştur (Okul N= 1540, Öğrenci N= 1 623 693 ). Örneklem yapılmayıp tüm evren çalışmaya alınmıştır. Veriler, Öğrenci Kaza Formu ile on-line olarak toplanmış, ki kare ve yüzdelik hesaplama yöntemleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma süresince 3302 okul kazası olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Okul kazaları en fazla 1., 2. ve 6. sınıflarda olmaktadır. Kazaların aralık, ocak ve mart aylarında yükseldiği görülmektedir. Kaza geçiren erkek öğrencilerin sayısı kız öğrencilerden yaklaşık iki kat fazladır ve sırası ile; düşmeler, cisme çarpma ve birisi ile çarpışma okul kazalarının en önde gelen nedenlerindendir. Öğrencilerin en fazla koşarken, itişip kakışırken, basketbol oynarken kaza geçirdikleri, en fazla başlarından ve ekstremitelerinden yaralandığı saptanmıştır. Okul kazalarının sırası ile en fazla şişme, hassasiyet, sıyrık, kanama, kesik, morluk, kırık, burkulma ile sonuçlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Öğrenciler en fazla okul bahçesinde ve teneffüs saatlerinde yaralanmaktadır. Kaza nedeniyle öğrencilerin %24'ü yarım günden daha az bir süre okul aktivitelerinden uzaklaşırken, öğrencilere kaza sonrasında en fazla ilkyardım uygulaması yapılmış, %15'i bir sağlık kurumuna sevk edilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme çalışması için; yukarıdaki belirtilen dönemlerde rapor edilen kaza olguları değerlendirilmiş, okul kazalarında risk faktörlerini tanılamaya yönelik literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Veriler MEB'na bağlı bir ilköğretim okulunda okuyan 2-8 sınıf öğrencilerinden elde edilmiştir. Bulguların değerlendirilmesinde; geçerlik çalışması için uzman görüşleri ile kapsam geçerliği, faktör analizi ile yapı geçerliği yapılmıştır. Ölçeklerin güvenirliği ise test tekrar test güvenirliği, madde-toplam puan korelasyonu ve iç tutarlık ile belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin okul Kazalarında Güvenlik Önlemlerine Yönelik Bilgi Ölçeği için Content Validity Index= 0.94, r =.78, ? = .86 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin madde sayısı 46'dır ve 3'lü likert tipi bir ölçektir. Öğrencilerin Okul Kazalarında Güvenlik Önlemlerine Yönelik Davranış Ölçeği için Content Validity Index = 0.99 gibi yüksek bir değer bulunmuştur. Yapı Geçerliğini belirlemek üzere yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda özdeğeri 1'i aşan 4 faktör elde edilmiştir. 1. faktör Güvenli Olmayan Davranışlar, 2. faktör Güvenli Davranışlar, 3. faktör Bina Dışına Yönelik Güvenli Davranışlar ve 4. faktör Servis Aracındaki Davranışları içermektedir. Ölçeğin güvenirlik katsayısı r =.74, ?= ,81'dir. Ölçeğin madde sayısı 40'tır ve 5'li likert tipi bir ölçektir. Ölçekler 1. sınıflar hariç ilköğretim çağındaki tüm öğrencilere uygulanabilir. Ölçeklerden alınan en yüksek puan öğrencinin okul kazalarına yönelik güvenlik önlemlerini en üst düzeyde aldığını ve bildiğini göstermektedir. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACCIDENT IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF ISTANBUL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCALES OF CHILDREN'S KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE SECURITY PREVENTION AGAINST SCHOOL ACCIDENTS
Epidemiology of accident in the elementary schools of Istanbul and development of scales of children's knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents This study aims to determine epidemiology of accidents in the elementary schools of Istanbul and to develop scales of children's knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents. Research is descriptive and methodological. The research has been done during the terms of 2003 spring-autumn and of 2004 spring and universe of this study has been all of the private and state school in Istanbul subordinate to the Ministry of Education (School N=1540 and student N=1.623.693). Whole population has been taken into account without sampling. Data has been collected on-line through the Student Accident Form. Data has been analyzed through chi-square and percentage calculation methods. During the research time, 3302 school accidents have been reported. The School accidents are seen mostly among first, second and sixth grade students. The number of school accidents has been seemed to reach its peak in Decembers, Januarys and March. The number of boys involving in school accidents has been twice of the number of girls and the leading reasons for the school accidents have been fallings, hitting into something, and bumping into someone. The students have also been seemed to get injured mostly while they have been running, pushing around, playing basketball. It has been determined that the students have got injured mostly in their heads and extremities. Research has been designated that the school accidents have resulted mostly in swelling, sensitivities, abrasion, bleedings, cuts, bruises, fractures, and twists. The school accidents have occurred mostly in the schoolyards and during the breaks. Because of the accidents, 24 % of the injured students have retreated from the school activities for less than a day. The injured students have received first aid at most after the accidents, 15% of them have sent to a medical institution. For the development of scale, accidents which has been reported in above period have been evaluated and literature scanning has been done in order to diagnose the risk factors in the school accidents. Data has been received from the students of 2nd-8th grade in a Elementary School subordinate to Ministry of Education. In the assessment of findings, the experts' view have been used in content validity and factors' analysis have been used in construct validity in order to see the validation work. The credibility of the scales have been determined by test-retest credibility, item-total points correlation and internal consistency analysis. For the knowledge scale of children towards the security prevention against school accidents, Content Validity Index have been determined as CVI = 0.94 and credibility coefficient has been determined as r = .78 and ? = .86. The item number of the scale has been 46 and the scale has been three-part likert scale. For the attitude scale of children towards the security prevention against school accidents, Content Validity Index have been determined as a high number = 0.99. At the end of factor analysis done for designating Construct Validity, four factors whose eigenvalue surpasses one have been obtained: The first factor has focused on Not Safety Attitudes, the second factor has focused on Safety Attitudes, the third factor has focused Safety Attitudes Towards the Outdoors and the fourth factor has focused on Attitudes in the Service Bus. The credibility coefficient of the scale have been determined as r = .74 and ? = .81. The item number of the scale has been 40 and the scale has been five-part likert scale. Scales may be used for all grades except first grade. Highest point which received from scales, shows that student has highest level knowledge and attitude on the security prevention towards against school accidents.
Epidemiology of accident in the elementary schools of Istanbul and development of scales of children's knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents This study aims to determine epidemiology of accidents in the elementary schools of Istanbul and to develop scales of children's knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents. Research is descriptive and methodological. The research has been done during the terms of 2003 spring-autumn and of 2004 spring and universe of this study has been all of the private and state school in Istanbul subordinate to the Ministry of Education (School N=1540 and student N=1.623.693). Whole population has been taken into account without sampling. Data has been collected on-line through the Student Accident Form. Data has been analyzed through chi-square and percentage calculation methods. During the research time, 3302 school accidents have been reported. The School accidents are seen mostly among first, second and sixth grade students. The number of school accidents has been seemed to reach its peak in Decembers, Januarys and March. The number of boys involving in school accidents has been twice of the number of girls and the leading reasons for the school accidents have been fallings, hitting into something, and bumping into someone. The students have also been seemed to get injured mostly while they have been running, pushing around, playing basketball. It has been determined that the students have got injured mostly in their heads and extremities. Research has been designated that the school accidents have resulted mostly in swelling, sensitivities, abrasion, bleedings, cuts, bruises, fractures, and twists. The school accidents have occurred mostly in the schoolyards and during the breaks. Because of the accidents, 24 % of the injured students have retreated from the school activities for less than a day. The injured students have received first aid at most after the accidents, 15% of them have sent to a medical institution. For the development of scale, accidents which has been reported in above period have been evaluated and literature scanning has been done in order to diagnose the risk factors in the school accidents. Data has been received from the students of 2nd-8th grade in a Elementary School subordinate to Ministry of Education. In the assessment of findings, the experts' view have been used in content validity and factors' analysis have been used in construct validity in order to see the validation work. The credibility of the scales have been determined by test-retest credibility, item-total points correlation and internal consistency analysis. For the knowledge scale of children towards the security prevention against school accidents, Content Validity Index have been determined as CVI = 0.94 and credibility coefficient has been determined as r = .78 and ? = .86. The item number of the scale has been 46 and the scale has been three-part likert scale. For the attitude scale of children towards the security prevention against school accidents, Content Validity Index have been determined as a high number = 0.99. At the end of factor analysis done for designating Construct Validity, four factors whose eigenvalue surpasses one have been obtained: The first factor has focused on Not Safety Attitudes, the second factor has focused on Safety Attitudes, the third factor has focused Safety Attitudes Towards the Outdoors and the fourth factor has focused on Attitudes in the Service Bus. The credibility coefficient of the scale have been determined as r = .74 and ? = .81. The item number of the scale has been 40 and the scale has been five-part likert scale. Scales may be used for all grades except first grade. Highest point which received from scales, shows that student has highest level knowledge and attitude on the security prevention towards against school accidents.