Publication: Özel öğretim kurumlarında insan kaynakları yönetimi olgunluğunun iş yaşam kalitesine ve örgütsel bağlılığa etkisi
Abstract
Özel okullarda insan kaynakları yönetimi (İKY) olgunluk düzeyinin belirlenmesi, eğitim kurumlarının sürdürülebilirliği ve kalite yönetimi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de özel okullarda İKY süreçlerinin ne ölçüde kurumsallaştığını ve bu süreçlerin öğretmenlerin iş yaşam kalitesi ile örgütsel bağlılık algılarına etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada geliştirilen “İKY Olgunluk Rubriği”, insan kaynakları uygulamalarının sistematiklik, tutarlılık ve çalışan deneyimine yansıma düzeylerini nesnel biçimde değerlendirerek, öğretmen deneyimini iyileştirecek stratejik gelişim alanlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, insan odaklı, bütüncül ve uygulanabilir İKY politikalarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Araştırma, nicel yöntemle ve ilişkisel tarama modeli çerçevesinde yürütülmüş olup, İstanbul ve Ankara’daki 13 özel okulda görev yapan 285 öğretmeni kapsamaktadır. Örneklem, amaçlı ve gönüllü örnekleme yoluyla belirlenmiştir. İnsan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarının olgunluk düzeyleri, özgün olarak geliştirilen ve 10 boyut, 15 soru ile 60 performans göstergesinden oluşan yapılandırılmış bir rubrik ile değerlendirilmiştir. Rubrik, İKY süreçlerini sistematik biçimde analiz etme amacıyla tasarlanmış ve çalışmanın özgün veri toplama aracı olmuştur. Öğretmenlerin iş yaşam kalitesi, Van Laar vd. (2007) tarafından geliştirilen ve Akar ve Üstüner (2017) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan ölçekle; örgütsel bağlılık ise Üstüner’in (2009) geliştirdiği 17 maddelik ölçekle ölçülmüştür. Bu ölçekler, geçerlik ve güvenirliklerinin yüksek olması ve eğitim alanında yaygın kullanımları nedeniyle tercih edilmiştir. Veri analizi sürecinde JAMOVİ kullanılarak 285 katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler temizlenmiş (z-skoru > |3| olmayan, kayıp veri içermeyen), normallik varsayımları sağlandığı doğrulanmıştır (çarpıklık -0.746/ -0.915, basıklık 0.559/ 0.671 değerleriyle ±1.5 aralığında; Q-Q grafikleri ve kutu grafikleriyle doğrulanan normal dağılım). Betimsel istatistiklerle iş yaşam kalitesi (Ort.=3.67, SS=0.630) ve örgütsel bağlılık (Ort.=3.56, SS=0.747) puanları incelenmiş; grup farklılıkları için t-testi ve ANOVA, değişkenler arası ilişkiler için Pearson korelasyon ve aracılık etkisi için mediation analizleri uygulanmıştır. Bu analizler, insan kaynakları olgunluğunun iş yaşam kalitesi ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki çok boyutlu etkilerini ortaya koyan geçerli ve güvenilir bulgular sunmuştur. Türkiye’deki 13 özel okulda İKY departmanlarındaki yöneticilerle gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerden elde edilen bulgularda, özel okullardaki İKY olgunluğunun genellikle farklı seviyelerde olduğunu ve bu seviyelerin çalışanların iş yaşam kalitesi ve örgütsel bağlılık algıları üzerinde doğrudan etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Yapılan korelasyon analizleri sonucunda, insan kaynakları yönetimi olgunluğu ile iş yaşam kalitesi arasında orta düzeyde (r=0.351, p<0.001), İK olgunluğu ile örgütsel bağlılık arasında düşük düzeyde (r=0.277, p<0.001), örgütsel bağlılık ile iş yaşam kalitesi arasında güçlü düzeyde (r=0.872, p<0.001) anlamlı pozitif ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle gerçekleştirilen bootstrap analizi sonuçları (B=0.02793, %95 GA [0.01789-0.03831], p<0.001), toplam etkinin %90.48’inin iş yaşam kalitesi aracılığıyla gerçekleştiğini ve tam mediation olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, İK olgunluğunun örgütsel bağlılığı ancak iş yaşam kalitesini iyileştirerek dolaylı yoldan artırabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, iş yaşam kalitesinin örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki kritik aracı rolü ampirik olarak doğrulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, özel okullarda insan kaynakları yönetimi olgunluğunun artırılması, öğretmenlerin iş yaşam kalitesi ve örgütsel bağlılığını güçlendirebilecek stratejik bir unsur olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Yapılan görüşmeler, birçok özel okulda yazılı ve sistematik bir İK politikasının bulunmadığını, bunun temel nedenlerinin müstakil İK biriminin olmayışı ve mevcut yapıların etkin işlemeyişi olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu eksiklikler, İK süreçlerinin plansız işlemesine ve çalışan memnuniyetinin düşmesine yol açmaktadır. Okullar arasında İK olgunluk düzeylerinin farklılık göstermesi; ekonomik kaygılar, stratejik düşünce eksikliği ve yönetim tarzı gibi etkenlerle ilişkilendirilmektedir. İyi düzeydeki okullar, işe alım, eğitim ve performans değerlendirme gibi alanlarda güçlü uygulamalara sahipken; yeterli düzeydekiler bazı işlevlerde gelişim ihtiyacı göstermekte, zayıf düzeydekilerin ise temel İK süreçlerini sistematikleştirip stratejik planlamayla desteklemeleri gerekmektedir. Öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıkları; yaş, deneyim, görev türü ve istihdam şekli gibi değişkenlerden etkilenmekte; güven, yönetim desteği ve takdir görme bağlılığı artıran unsurlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Maddi karşılık olmadan fazla mesaiye sıcak bakılmaması ve karar süreçlerine katılım eksikliği, öğretmenlerin daha fazla yönetime katılma isteğini ve finansal motivasyonun önemini yansıtmaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca iş yaşam kalitesi genel olarak orta düzeyde bulunmuş; İş Kariyer Memnuniyeti ve İş Yaşamında Stres boyutlarında yüksek, Aile-İş Yaşam Dengesi ve İşi Kontrol Edebilme boyutlarında ise düşük puanlar alınmıştır. Bu da öğretmenlerin mesleklerinden memnun olduklarını ancak iş-özel yaşam dengesini kurmakta ve iş süreçlerini kontrol etmekte zorlandıklarını göstermektedir. Örgütsel bağlılıkta olduğu gibi öğretmenlerin iş yaşam kaliteleri; yaş, deneyim, idari görev, istihdam türü, mezun olunan program, görev yapılan düzey ve iş yükü gibi değişkenlerden etkilendiği görülmüştür. Analizler, İK olgunluğu ile iş yaşam kalitesi arasında orta, örgütsel bağlılıkla ise düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Öte yandan, iş yaşam kalitesi ile örgütsel bağlılık arasında güçlü bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Bu da İK olgunluğunun örgütsel bağlılığı doğrudan değil, iş yaşam kalitesi aracılığıyla dolaylı olarak etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, özel okullarda stratejik ve olgunlaşmış İK uygulamaları geliştirilerek iş yaşam kalitesi ve bağlılık artırılmalıdır. Kurumsal düzeyde İK’nın stratejik bir unsur olarak ele alınması, iş-yaşam dengesi uygulamalarının yaygınlaştırılması ve sosyal değişim temelli yaklaşımların benimsenmesi önerilmektedir. Politik düzeyde ise, İK personelinin uzmanlığının artırılması, özel okullara yönelik standart bir İK çerçevesi oluşturulması ve sürekli mesleki gelişimin teşvik edilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Gelecek araştırmalar için, devlet okullarıyla karşılaştırmalı çalışmalar yapılması, iş doyumu ve tükenmişlik gibi değişkenlerin incelenmesi, düşük olgunluk düzeyindeki kurumlarda nitel çalışmalar yürütülmesi ve İK müdahalelerinin deneysel olarak test edilmesi önerilmektedir.
Determining the level of human resource management (HRM) maturity in private schools is critical for the sustainability and quality management of educational institutions. This study aims to examine the extent to which HRM processes are institutionalized in private schools in Turkey and the impact of these processes on teachers’ perceptions of quality of work life and organizational commitment. The HRM Maturity Rubric developed in the study objectively evaluates the systematicity, consistency and reflection of human resources practices on employee experience and identifies strategic development areas to improve the teacher experience. In this respect, the study aims to contribute to the development of people-oriented, holistic and applicable HRM policies. The study was conducted within the framework of quantitative and relational survey model and included 285 teachers working in 13 private schools in Istanbul and Ankara. The sample was determined through purposive and voluntary sampling. The maturity levels of human resource management practices were assessed with a structured rubric, which was originally developed and consists of 10 dimensions, 15 questions and 60 performance indicators. The rubric was designed to systematically analyze HRM processes and became the original data collection tool of the study. Teachers’ quality of work life was measured with the scale developed by Van Laar et al. (2007) and adapted into Turkish by Akar and Üstüner (2017); organizational commitment was measured with the 17-item scale developed by Üstüner (2009). These scales were preferred due to their high validity and reliability and their widespread use in the field of education. In the data analysis process, JAMOVI program was used to clean the data obtained from 285 participants (no z-score > |3|, no missing data), and normality assumptions were verified (Çarpıklık -0.746/ -0.915, Basıklık 0.559/ 0.671 values within ±1.5 Ranj; normal distribution confirmed by Q-Q graphs and box plots). Descriptive statistics were used to examine quality of work life (Ortalama=3.67, SD=0.630) and organizational commitment (Ortalama=3.56, SD=0.747) scores; t-test and ANOVA were applied for group differences, Pearson correlation for inter-variable relationships, and mediation analysis for mediation effect. These analyses provided valid and reliable findings on the multidimensional effects of human resource maturity on quality of work life and organizational commitment. The findings obtained from interviews with managers in HRM departments in 13 private schools in Turkey reveal that HRM maturity in private schools is generally at different levels and that these levels have a direct impact on employees’ perceptions of quality of work life and organizational commitment. As a result of the correlation analyses , significant positive relationships were found between HRM maturity and quality of work life at moderate level (r=0.351, p<0.001), between HR maturity and organizational commitment at low level (r=0.277, p<0.001), and between organizational commitment and quality of work life at strong level (r=0.872, p<0.001). The results of bootstrap analysis with structural equation modeling (B=0.02793, 95% CI [0.01789-0.03831], p<0.001) showed that 90.48% of the total effect was mediated through quality of work life, indicating full mediation. These findings suggest that HR maturity can increase organizational commitment only indirectly by improving quality of work life. In conclusion, the critical mediating role of quality of work life on organizational commitment is empirically confirmed. As a result, increasing human resource management maturity in private schools stands out as a strategic element that can strengthen teachers’ quality of work life and organizational commitment. The interviews revealed that many private schools do not have a written and systematic HR policy, mainly due to the lack of a dedicated HR department and the ineffective functioning of existing structures. These deficiencies lead to unplanned HR processes and lower employee satisfaction. Differences in HR maturity levels between schools are attributed to factors such as economic concerns, lack of strategic thinking and management style. Good schools have strong practices in areas such as recruitment, training and performance appraisal; adequate schools need improvement in some functions; and weak schools need to systematize basic HR processes and support them with strategic planning. Teachers’ organizational commitment is influenced by variables such as age, experience, job type and employment type; trust, management support and appreciation stand out as factors that increase commitment. The fact that overtime work without financial compensation and lack of participation in decision-making processes reflect teachers’ desire to participate more in management and the importance of financial motivation. In the study, quality of work life was generally found to be at a moderate level; high scores were obtained in Work Career Satisfaction and Work Life Stress dimensions, and low scores were obtained in Family-Work Life Balance and Ability to Control Work dimensions. This shows that teachers are satisfied with their jobs, but they have difficulty in establishing work-life balance and controlling work processes. As in organizational commitment, teachers’ quality of work life was found to be affected by variables such as age, experience, administrative position, type of employment, graduation program, level and workload. The analyses revealed a moderate relationship between HR maturity and quality of work life and a low level of significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, a strong relationship was found between quality of work life and organizational commitment. This suggests that HR maturity does not affect organizational commitment directly, but indirectly through quality of work life. In this context, strategic and mature HR practices should be developed in private schools to improve quality of work life and engagement. At the institutional level, it is recommended to treat HR as a strategic element, to promote work-life balance practices and to adopt social change-based approaches. At the policy level, it is important to increase the expertise of HR staff, establish a standardized HR framework for private schools and encourage continuous professional development. For future research, it is recommended to conduct comparative studies with public schools, to examine variables such as job satisfaction and burnout, to conduct qualitative studies in low maturity organizations, and to experimentally test HR interventions.
Determining the level of human resource management (HRM) maturity in private schools is critical for the sustainability and quality management of educational institutions. This study aims to examine the extent to which HRM processes are institutionalized in private schools in Turkey and the impact of these processes on teachers’ perceptions of quality of work life and organizational commitment. The HRM Maturity Rubric developed in the study objectively evaluates the systematicity, consistency and reflection of human resources practices on employee experience and identifies strategic development areas to improve the teacher experience. In this respect, the study aims to contribute to the development of people-oriented, holistic and applicable HRM policies. The study was conducted within the framework of quantitative and relational survey model and included 285 teachers working in 13 private schools in Istanbul and Ankara. The sample was determined through purposive and voluntary sampling. The maturity levels of human resource management practices were assessed with a structured rubric, which was originally developed and consists of 10 dimensions, 15 questions and 60 performance indicators. The rubric was designed to systematically analyze HRM processes and became the original data collection tool of the study. Teachers’ quality of work life was measured with the scale developed by Van Laar et al. (2007) and adapted into Turkish by Akar and Üstüner (2017); organizational commitment was measured with the 17-item scale developed by Üstüner (2009). These scales were preferred due to their high validity and reliability and their widespread use in the field of education. In the data analysis process, JAMOVI program was used to clean the data obtained from 285 participants (no z-score > |3|, no missing data), and normality assumptions were verified (Çarpıklık -0.746/ -0.915, Basıklık 0.559/ 0.671 values within ±1.5 Ranj; normal distribution confirmed by Q-Q graphs and box plots). Descriptive statistics were used to examine quality of work life (Ortalama=3.67, SD=0.630) and organizational commitment (Ortalama=3.56, SD=0.747) scores; t-test and ANOVA were applied for group differences, Pearson correlation for inter-variable relationships, and mediation analysis for mediation effect. These analyses provided valid and reliable findings on the multidimensional effects of human resource maturity on quality of work life and organizational commitment. The findings obtained from interviews with managers in HRM departments in 13 private schools in Turkey reveal that HRM maturity in private schools is generally at different levels and that these levels have a direct impact on employees’ perceptions of quality of work life and organizational commitment. As a result of the correlation analyses , significant positive relationships were found between HRM maturity and quality of work life at moderate level (r=0.351, p<0.001), between HR maturity and organizational commitment at low level (r=0.277, p<0.001), and between organizational commitment and quality of work life at strong level (r=0.872, p<0.001). The results of bootstrap analysis with structural equation modeling (B=0.02793, 95% CI [0.01789-0.03831], p<0.001) showed that 90.48% of the total effect was mediated through quality of work life, indicating full mediation. These findings suggest that HR maturity can increase organizational commitment only indirectly by improving quality of work life. In conclusion, the critical mediating role of quality of work life on organizational commitment is empirically confirmed. As a result, increasing human resource management maturity in private schools stands out as a strategic element that can strengthen teachers’ quality of work life and organizational commitment. The interviews revealed that many private schools do not have a written and systematic HR policy, mainly due to the lack of a dedicated HR department and the ineffective functioning of existing structures. These deficiencies lead to unplanned HR processes and lower employee satisfaction. Differences in HR maturity levels between schools are attributed to factors such as economic concerns, lack of strategic thinking and management style. Good schools have strong practices in areas such as recruitment, training and performance appraisal; adequate schools need improvement in some functions; and weak schools need to systematize basic HR processes and support them with strategic planning. Teachers’ organizational commitment is influenced by variables such as age, experience, job type and employment type; trust, management support and appreciation stand out as factors that increase commitment. The fact that overtime work without financial compensation and lack of participation in decision-making processes reflect teachers’ desire to participate more in management and the importance of financial motivation. In the study, quality of work life was generally found to be at a moderate level; high scores were obtained in Work Career Satisfaction and Work Life Stress dimensions, and low scores were obtained in Family-Work Life Balance and Ability to Control Work dimensions. This shows that teachers are satisfied with their jobs, but they have difficulty in establishing work-life balance and controlling work processes. As in organizational commitment, teachers’ quality of work life was found to be affected by variables such as age, experience, administrative position, type of employment, graduation program, level and workload. The analyses revealed a moderate relationship between HR maturity and quality of work life and a low level of significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, a strong relationship was found between quality of work life and organizational commitment. This suggests that HR maturity does not affect organizational commitment directly, but indirectly through quality of work life. In this context, strategic and mature HR practices should be developed in private schools to improve quality of work life and engagement. At the institutional level, it is recommended to treat HR as a strategic element, to promote work-life balance practices and to adopt social change-based approaches. At the policy level, it is important to increase the expertise of HR staff, establish a standardized HR framework for private schools and encourage continuous professional development. For future research, it is recommended to conduct comparative studies with public schools, to examine variables such as job satisfaction and burnout, to conduct qualitative studies in low maturity organizations, and to experimentally test HR interventions.
Description
Keywords
eğitimde insan odaklı politikalar, Human capital, Human resource management, human resource maturity, human-centered policies in education, İnsan kaynakları, insan kaynakları olgunluğu, İnsan kaynakları yönetimi, iş yaşam kalitesi, Management, Okul yönetimi ve örgütü, organizational commitment, örgütsel bağlılık, Özel eğitim, özel eğitim kurumları, özel okullar, private educational institutions, private schools, quality of work life, rubric-based assessment, rubrik tabanlı değerlendirme, School management and organization, Special education, strategic human resources, stratejik insan kaynakları, structural equation modeling, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi, Yönetim
