Publication: Otonom araçların kullanımından doğan cezai sorumluluk
Abstract
Yapay zekâ sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması, her alanda olduğu gibi kara taşımacılığında da çeşitli yenilikler doğurmakta olup uygun şartlarda sürüş görevini insan sürücü müdahalesine ihtiyaç duymaksızın yürütebilen otonom araçlar, bu yenileşimin en somut görünümünü teşkil etmektedir. Çeşitli otomasyon teknolojileriyle donatılan ve karayolu trafiğinin akışında karşılaşılan durumlarla akıllıca başa çıkabilen bu araçların kullanılmasından doğan kazalar ise hukuki sorumluluk, cezai sorumluluk ve sigorta gibi konularda birtakım hukuki problemlere kapı aralamaktadır. Özellikle yüksek otomasyon teknolojilerinin araçlara sağladığı hareketi insan sürücüden bağımsız gerçekleştirebilme kabiliyetinin, bu araçların karıştığı kazalarda tarafların ceza sorumluluğunun belirlenmesi açısından gri bir alan yaratabileceği öngörülmekte olup bu durum, mevcut ve muhtemel problemlerin ortaya konularak ceza hukuku prensipleri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi ihtiyacını gün yüzüne çıkarmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hazırlanan tezin birinci bölümünde çalışma konusu açısından önem arz eden temel kavramlar tanımlandıktan sonra otonom araçların kronolojik gelişimi, çalışma prensipleri ve sınıflandırılması ortaya konulmuş; akabinde otonom araçların ulusal ve uluslararası çaptaki yasalaşma süreçleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ana sorununun ele alındığı ikinci bölümde, otonom araçların kullanımından doğan cezai sorumluluğun yöneltilebileceği kişiler ve otomasyon seviyelerinin ceza sorumluluğuna etkileri saptandıktan sonra kasten veya taksirle işlenen suçlarda sorumluluğun belirlenmesine ilişkin problemler Türk ceza hukuku prensipleri çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Konuya ilişkin müstakbel ceza hukuku zorluklarının ele alındığı çalışmanın son kısmında ise otonom araçların karıştığı kazalarda nedensellik bağlantısının tespiti ve bir zorunluluk hâli olarak ikilem durumları irdelenmiş; akabinde bağlantılı araçların siber güvenliğine ve bu araçlar aracılığıyla toplanan kişisel verilerin korunmasına ilişkin olası ceza hukuku risklerine ışık tutulmuştur.
As in all spheres of life, the spread of artificial intelligence systems creates various innovations in road transport. Autonomous vehicles that can carry out the driving task under appropriate conditions without the need for human driver intervention constitute the most concrete view of this innovation. The accidents arising from the use of autonomous vehicles, which are equipped with various automation technologies and can intelligently cope with the situations encountered in the flow of road traffic, open the door to some legal problems in subjects such as legal liability, criminal liability and insurance. It is foreseen that the ability to perform the movement provided by high automation technologies to vehicles independently from the human driver, may create a gray area in terms of determining the criminal responsibility of the parties in accidents involving these vehicles, and this raises the need for existing and possible problems to be identified and evaluated in the context of criminal law principles. In the first part of thesis that prepared for this purpose, after defining the basic concepts that are important in terms of the study subject, the chronological development, working principles and classification of autonomous vehicles are outlined and then, the national and international legalization processes of autonomous vehicles are discussed. In the second part, which deals with the main problem of the study, after determining the persons to whom the criminal responsibility arising from the use of autonomous vehicles can be directed and the effects of automation levels on criminal responsibility, the problems regarding the determination of responsibility in crimes committed intentionally or negligently are discussed within the framework of Turkish criminal law principles. In the last part of the study, which deals with the future criminal law challenges related to the subject, the determination of the causal link in the accidents involving autonomous vehicles and the dilemma situations as a state of necessity are examined; subsequently, the cyber security of connected vehicles and the possible criminal law risks related to the protection of personal data collected through these vehicles were shed light on.
As in all spheres of life, the spread of artificial intelligence systems creates various innovations in road transport. Autonomous vehicles that can carry out the driving task under appropriate conditions without the need for human driver intervention constitute the most concrete view of this innovation. The accidents arising from the use of autonomous vehicles, which are equipped with various automation technologies and can intelligently cope with the situations encountered in the flow of road traffic, open the door to some legal problems in subjects such as legal liability, criminal liability and insurance. It is foreseen that the ability to perform the movement provided by high automation technologies to vehicles independently from the human driver, may create a gray area in terms of determining the criminal responsibility of the parties in accidents involving these vehicles, and this raises the need for existing and possible problems to be identified and evaluated in the context of criminal law principles. In the first part of thesis that prepared for this purpose, after defining the basic concepts that are important in terms of the study subject, the chronological development, working principles and classification of autonomous vehicles are outlined and then, the national and international legalization processes of autonomous vehicles are discussed. In the second part, which deals with the main problem of the study, after determining the persons to whom the criminal responsibility arising from the use of autonomous vehicles can be directed and the effects of automation levels on criminal responsibility, the problems regarding the determination of responsibility in crimes committed intentionally or negligently are discussed within the framework of Turkish criminal law principles. In the last part of the study, which deals with the future criminal law challenges related to the subject, the determination of the causal link in the accidents involving autonomous vehicles and the dilemma situations as a state of necessity are examined; subsequently, the cyber security of connected vehicles and the possible criminal law risks related to the protection of personal data collected through these vehicles were shed light on.