Publication: Modern uluslararası tahkimin gelişiminde jay andlaşması'nın yeri
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Abstract
Uluslararası tahkim, devletlerarası uyuşmazlıkların hukuk yoluyla kesin ve nihai bir
şekilde çözülmesini amaçlayan barışçıl uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerinden biridir.
Bu yönleriyle, müzakere, arabuluculuk veya uzlaştırma gibi diğer uyuşmazlık çözüm
yöntemlerinden farklılaşır. Tahkim müessesesinin özel hukukta kullanımı tarihe
yayılır. Kamu hukuku alanında günümüz uluslararası tahkiminin kökenine ise Antik
Yunan ve Antik Roma’da rastlanabilir. Orta Çağ boyunca farklı biçimlerde uygulanan
tahkim yönteminin modern devletlerin ortaya çıkmasından sonra etkinliğini kaybettiği
görülür zira uluslararası tahkim barışçıl bir yöntem olarak savaşın karşısındadır
ve Modern Çağ, uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde savaşı birincil yöntem olarak gören
mutlakiyetçi egemen devletlerin sahne alanıdır. Avrupa dönüşüm sancıları yaşadığı bu
dönemde uluslararası tahkim için yeni kıtadan bir girişim modern uluslararası yargının
seyrini değiştirmiştir. ABD Dışişleri Bakanı John Jay’in adıyla bilinen 1794 tarihli
andlaşmayla Birleşik Devletler ve Büyük Britanya aralarındaki uyuşmazlıkları çözmek
üzere üç farklı komisyonun kurulmasını kararlaştırmışlardır. Bu komisyonların kısmi
başarısı uluslararası tahkim yöntemine olan ilgiyi arttırmış ve önce Kuzey ve Güney
Amerika’dan başlamak üzere modern dünya, sorunlarını çözmek üzere tahkime
daha sık başvurmaya başlamıştır. 1872 Alabama Tahkimi ile bu ilgi zirveye ulaşmış
ve bu dönemin uluslararası hukukçularının çalışmaları ışığında, 1899-1907 Lahey
Konferanslarında uluslararası tahkim usulüne ilişkin kurallar ve tahkim sürecinin
kolaylaştırılması adına bir Daimi Tahkim Mahkemesi kurulması üzerinde katılan
devletler arasında uzlaşma sağlanmıştır. Jay Andlaşması’yla başlayan süreç, zaman
içinde Uluslararası Daimi Adalet Divanı ve onun devamında kurulacak diğer yerleşik
mahkemelerin kurulmasına kadar gidecek bir şekilde uluslararası yargının gelişmesine
hizmet etmiştir.
International arbitration is one of the peaceful dispute resolution methods that aims to resolve interstate disputes through law in a final and definitive way. In these aspects, arbitration differs from other dispute resolution methods such as negotiation, mediation or conciliation. The use of arbitration in private law goes back to history. The origins of today’s international arbitration in the field of public law can be found in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It is seen that the arbitration method, which was applied in different forms during the Middle Ages, lost its effectiveness after the emergence of modern states, because, as a peaceful method, international arbitration is against war, and the Modern Age is the stage of absolutist sovereign states that see war as the primary method in the resolution of disputes. In this period when Europe was in the throes of transformation, an attempt from a new continent for international arbitration changed the course of modern international judiciary. With the treaty of 1794, known by the name of US Secretary of State John Jay, the United States and Great Britain decided to establish three different commissions to settle disputes between them. The partial success of these commissions has increased the interest in the international arbitration method and the modern world, starting with North and South America, has started to resort to arbitration more frequently to solve its problems. This interest reached its peak with the 1872 Alabama Arbitration, and in the light of the work of international lawyers of this period, a consensus was reached between the participating states in the 1899- 1907 Hague Conferences on the rules of international arbitration procedure and the establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration in order to facilitate the arbitration process. The process, which started with the Jay Treaty, served the development of the international judiciary, going up to the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice and other permanent courts to be established after it.
International arbitration is one of the peaceful dispute resolution methods that aims to resolve interstate disputes through law in a final and definitive way. In these aspects, arbitration differs from other dispute resolution methods such as negotiation, mediation or conciliation. The use of arbitration in private law goes back to history. The origins of today’s international arbitration in the field of public law can be found in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It is seen that the arbitration method, which was applied in different forms during the Middle Ages, lost its effectiveness after the emergence of modern states, because, as a peaceful method, international arbitration is against war, and the Modern Age is the stage of absolutist sovereign states that see war as the primary method in the resolution of disputes. In this period when Europe was in the throes of transformation, an attempt from a new continent for international arbitration changed the course of modern international judiciary. With the treaty of 1794, known by the name of US Secretary of State John Jay, the United States and Great Britain decided to establish three different commissions to settle disputes between them. The partial success of these commissions has increased the interest in the international arbitration method and the modern world, starting with North and South America, has started to resort to arbitration more frequently to solve its problems. This interest reached its peak with the 1872 Alabama Arbitration, and in the light of the work of international lawyers of this period, a consensus was reached between the participating states in the 1899- 1907 Hague Conferences on the rules of international arbitration procedure and the establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration in order to facilitate the arbitration process. The process, which started with the Jay Treaty, served the development of the international judiciary, going up to the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice and other permanent courts to be established after it.
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Keywords
Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler, Hukuk, Devletler Umumi Hukuku, Social Sciences and Humanities, Law, International Law, Sosyal Bilimler (SOC), Sosyal Bilimler Genel, HUKUK, Social Sciences (SOC), SOCIAL SCIENCES, GENERAL, LAW, Social Sciences & Humanities, Uluslararası Hukuk, Tahkim, Devletlerarası Tahkim, Uluslararası Tahkim, Jay Andlaşması, Daimi Tahkim Mahkemesi, Uluslararası Tahkim Tarihi, International Law, Arbitration, International Arbitration, Jay Treaty, Permanent Court of Arbitration, History of International Arbitration
Citation
Büyük M. E., "Modern Uluslararası Tahkimin Gelişiminde Jay Andlaşması'nın Yeri", Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, cilt.13, sa.50, ss.443-472, 2022
