Publication: Hegemonik erkeklik ve homososyalite bağlamında takım sporlarında kabul sınaması
Abstract
Amaç: Sporda kabul sınaması kavramı, Türkiye’de spor sosyolojisi araştırmalarında henüz çalışılmamış bir konudur. Sporcu bireylerin homososyal takım sporlarına girerken karşılaştığı ritüellerin ve testlerin olduğu, taciz, aşağılama ve istismar gibi nitelikleri olan bir kavramdır. Bu araştırma kapsamında, kabul sınaması yoluyla sporda meydana gelen şiddet ve istismarın boyutlarını ve niteliklerini ortaya koymayı hedefledik. Bunun yanı sıra kabul sınamasının erkeklikler, homososyalite ve eşiktelik gibi kavramlarla ele alınması amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, toplumsal inşacı ve profeminist bir yaklaşım ile niteliksel araştırma yöntemi uyguladık. Araştırmada, retrospektif bir tasarımla derinlemesine bireysel görüşme ve görsel veri tekniği olarak resim uygulaması kullandık. Futbol, basketbol, voleybol, kürek, sutopu, sualtı hokeyi ve Amerikan futbolu gibi takım branşlarından 28 sporcu ile görüşmeler yaptık; resim uygulaması gerçekleştirdik. Tematik kodlamaya dayanan içerik analizi sonucunda altı tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Bulgular: İçerik analizi sonucunda kabul sınaması, erkeklikler, homososyalite ve eşiktelik kavramlarıyla kuramsal bağları olan bu temalar şunlardır: 1) sahaya girerken: ilk adımdaki duygular, konumlar, özellikler; 2) mekan mekan tekrar tekrar sınanmak; 3) bedensel bütünlüğe müdahale: bozma, can yakma, zarar verme; 4) “müstakbel” üyeler olarak eşiktekiler; 5) normalleştirme ve meşrulaştırma: kültürel döngü; 6) alternatif erkeklik girişimleri: karşı çıkışlar, eşitlik arayışları ve müştereklik. Sonuç: Sporun eril kültürü içinde eşikteki varlıkların, hegemonik erkeklikler karşısında sıklıkla tabi kılınmış bir erkekliği deneyimleyerek içeri girebildikleri, girerken “ezile ezile sertleştikleri”, sertleştikçe alttan gelenleri ezdiklerini söyleyebiliriz. Bunun yanında, çok nadir de olsa kapsayıcı ve eşitlikçi erkeklik hallerinin homososyal ve eril spor alanının yarıklarından içeri sızabildiğini gördük.
Objective: The concept of hazing in sports is an issue that has not yet been studied in sports sociology research in Turkey. Hazing is a concept that includes rituals and tests that athletes encounter while participating in homosocial team sports, and has qualities such as harassment, humiliation and abuse. In this study, we aimed to reveal the dimensions and qualities of violence and abuse in sports through hazing. Also, we aimed to deal with hazing with concepts such as masculinities, homosociality and liminality. Material and methods: We applied qualitative research method with a social constructivist and profeminist approach. We used in-depth interview and visual painting application technique with a retrospective design. We carried out painting application and interviewed 28 athletes from team branches such as football, basketball, volleyball, rowing, water polo, underwater hockey and American football. We applied content analysis based on thematic coding. Results: By content analysis we revealed six themes: 1) entering field: emotions, positions, characteristics in first step; 2) being tested again and again from space to space; 3) interference with bodily integrity: disruption, pain, hurt; 4) those on the threshold as “prospective” members; 5) normalization and legitimation: cultural cycle; 6) alternative attempts at masculinity: oppositions, quests for equality and commonality. Conclusion: We can say that within the masculine culture of sports, liminal personas can enter by experiencing a masculinity that is often subordinated to hegemonic masculinities. In this process, liminal personas harden because they have been crushed so much; and as they harden, they crush those coming from below. Also, we have seen that inclusive and egalitarian masculinities can seep through the crevices of homosocial and masculine sports field, albeit very rarely.
Objective: The concept of hazing in sports is an issue that has not yet been studied in sports sociology research in Turkey. Hazing is a concept that includes rituals and tests that athletes encounter while participating in homosocial team sports, and has qualities such as harassment, humiliation and abuse. In this study, we aimed to reveal the dimensions and qualities of violence and abuse in sports through hazing. Also, we aimed to deal with hazing with concepts such as masculinities, homosociality and liminality. Material and methods: We applied qualitative research method with a social constructivist and profeminist approach. We used in-depth interview and visual painting application technique with a retrospective design. We carried out painting application and interviewed 28 athletes from team branches such as football, basketball, volleyball, rowing, water polo, underwater hockey and American football. We applied content analysis based on thematic coding. Results: By content analysis we revealed six themes: 1) entering field: emotions, positions, characteristics in first step; 2) being tested again and again from space to space; 3) interference with bodily integrity: disruption, pain, hurt; 4) those on the threshold as “prospective” members; 5) normalization and legitimation: cultural cycle; 6) alternative attempts at masculinity: oppositions, quests for equality and commonality. Conclusion: We can say that within the masculine culture of sports, liminal personas can enter by experiencing a masculinity that is often subordinated to hegemonic masculinities. In this process, liminal personas harden because they have been crushed so much; and as they harden, they crush those coming from below. Also, we have seen that inclusive and egalitarian masculinities can seep through the crevices of homosocial and masculine sports field, albeit very rarely.