Publication: 2000’lerde ABD yaptırımlarının İran-Türkiye ekonomik işbirliğine etkileri: neo-gramsciyen bir çözümleme
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Bu makalede, ABD’nin İran’a uyguladığı yaptırımların, 2000’lerde İran-Türkiye ekonomik işbirliğinene şekilde etki ettiği, Neo-Gramsciyen Kuram çerçevesinde çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu makale,ekonomik ve matematik çözümlemeler yapmak ya da benimsenen kuramın geçerliliğini test etmekamacıyla değil, iki ülke arasındaki ekonomik işbirliği dinamiklerini ve ABD yaptırımlarının budinamikler üzerindeki etkisini çözümlemek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Neo-Gramsciyen Kuram’ın “tarihselblok” kavramı, makalenin kavramsal çerçevesinin temel öğesini oluşturmuştur. İran ve Türkiye’ninözellikle 2000’lerden itibaren birbiriyle çatışan tarihsel blokların bileşeni olduğu iddia edilmiştir.Makalenin temel argümanları şu şekilde özetlenebilir: (i) İran-Türkiye ekonomik ilişkileri salt işbirliğiya da rekabet üzerinden değil, iki devlet içerisindeki siyasal yönelimler ve bu devletlerin dünya düzeniiçerisindeki konumları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmelidir. ABD yaptırımlarının ikili ekonomik ilişkilerüzerindeki etkisi, bu bağlamda çözümlenebilir. (ii) ABD yaptırımlarının İran-Türkiye ekonomikilişkileri üzerinde kısıtlayıcı ve kolaylaştırıcı etkileri olmuştur. (iii) Kısıtlayıcı ve kolaylaştırıcı etkilerdünya düzeninin dinamikleri, İran ve Türkiye’deki siyasal seçkinlerin dünya düzeni içerisindeki konumuve ABD ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, öncelikle konunun çözümlenmesindekullanılacak temel kavramlar, konuyla ilişkisi bağlamında açıklanmış; İran ve Türkiye’nin mevcutdünya düzeni içerisindeki konumlarına ilişkin saptamalar yapılmıştır. İran ve Türkiye’nin ekonomikilişkilerine yönelik genel bir değerlendirme yapıldıktan sonra ABD yaptırımlarının, iki ülke arasındakiekonomik ilişkiler üzerindeki kolaylaştırıcı ve kısıtlayıcı etkilerine odaklanılmıştır. Makalede genelolarak, literatür ve medya taramasından edinilen verilerin, Neo-Gramsciyen Kuram’ın, kavramlarıüzerinden çözümlenmesine dayanan bir yöntem benimsenmiş, iki devletin dünya düzenineyaklaşımlarının belirlenmesinde nitel karşılaştırma yöntemi kullanılmış; yaptırımlarla ilgili İran içsiyasetindeki tartışmalarda Farsça haber kaynaklarından da yararlanılmıştır
In this paper, it is attempted to analyse how the US sanctions against Iran have affected the economic cooperation between Iran and Turkey, that is developed in 2000’s, within the framework of Neo- Gramscian Theory. It is written in order to analyse the dynamics of the economic cooperation between these two countries and the affects of the US sanctions on these dynamics, not to provide an economic and mathematical analysis or to test the validity of the adopted theory. Neo-Gramscian conception of “historical bloc” is the basic element of the conceptual framework of this paper. It is asserted that Turkey and Iran, especially since 2000’s, have been the constituents of rival historical blocs. The main arguments of this paper can be summarized as the following: (i) The economic relations between Iran and Turkey must be evaluated with respect to the political tendencies within these countries and their positions in the world order, not merely in terms of cooperation or competition between the two. The effects of US sanctions upon the bilateral economic relations can be analyzed within this context. (ii) US sanctions had enabling and restraining effects on Iran-Turkey economic relations. (iii) These effects have been shaped by the dynamics of the world order, the position of the political elites of Iran and Turkey within the world order and their relations with USA. In this context, firstly, the fundamental concepts of the analysis of the subject matter is explained, then, it is attempted to provide certain identifications about the positioning of Iran and Turkey within the current world order. After providing an overall assessment of the economic relations between Iran and Turkey, the focus directed towards the enabling and restraining effects of the US sanctions on the economic relations between Iran and Turkey; and here, it is attempted to take under consideration especially the political struggles inside both of the countries and the approaches of the powers of both of the countries towards the world order. In this paper, the method pursued is an analysis of the data provided by literature review through the concepts of Neo-Gramscian theory; a qualitative comparison between the approaches of the two states towards the world order is used; and with regard to the discussions in domestic politics of Iran about the sanctions, news sources in Persian are used.
In this paper, it is attempted to analyse how the US sanctions against Iran have affected the economic cooperation between Iran and Turkey, that is developed in 2000’s, within the framework of Neo- Gramscian Theory. It is written in order to analyse the dynamics of the economic cooperation between these two countries and the affects of the US sanctions on these dynamics, not to provide an economic and mathematical analysis or to test the validity of the adopted theory. Neo-Gramscian conception of “historical bloc” is the basic element of the conceptual framework of this paper. It is asserted that Turkey and Iran, especially since 2000’s, have been the constituents of rival historical blocs. The main arguments of this paper can be summarized as the following: (i) The economic relations between Iran and Turkey must be evaluated with respect to the political tendencies within these countries and their positions in the world order, not merely in terms of cooperation or competition between the two. The effects of US sanctions upon the bilateral economic relations can be analyzed within this context. (ii) US sanctions had enabling and restraining effects on Iran-Turkey economic relations. (iii) These effects have been shaped by the dynamics of the world order, the position of the political elites of Iran and Turkey within the world order and their relations with USA. In this context, firstly, the fundamental concepts of the analysis of the subject matter is explained, then, it is attempted to provide certain identifications about the positioning of Iran and Turkey within the current world order. After providing an overall assessment of the economic relations between Iran and Turkey, the focus directed towards the enabling and restraining effects of the US sanctions on the economic relations between Iran and Turkey; and here, it is attempted to take under consideration especially the political struggles inside both of the countries and the approaches of the powers of both of the countries towards the world order. In this paper, the method pursued is an analysis of the data provided by literature review through the concepts of Neo-Gramscian theory; a qualitative comparison between the approaches of the two states towards the world order is used; and with regard to the discussions in domestic politics of Iran about the sanctions, news sources in Persian are used.