Publication: II. Meşrutiyet dönemi ortaöğretimde ortadoğu coğrafyası ve Ali Tevfik Bey’in mufassal memâlik-i Osmaniye coğrafyası’nda Ortadoğu
Abstract
ÖZETDünyanın kalbi konumunda olan medeniyetler beşiği Ortadoğu Coğrafyası,geçmişten bugüne süregelen sahip olduğu jeopolitik ve stratejik konumuyla dünyacoğrafyasının en değerli bölgesi olmuştur. Bu yönüyle Ortadoğu, tarihin her devrindeçatışmaların merkezi haline gelmiş; nihayetinde Osmanlı hâkimiyeti süresince sükûnbulmuştur. I. Dünya Savaşına kadar önemli bir kısmı Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyetialtında olan Ortadoğu, tarihi-kültürel birikimi ve coğrafi zenginlikleri ilemedeniyetimizin ana damarlarını oluşturmaktadır.Ortadoğu’nun coğrafi özelliklerinden hareketle oluşturduğumuz çalışmamızınmerkezini II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi ortaöğretimde Ortadoğu coğrafyasının ele alınışıoluştururmuştur. Bu amaca ulaşabilmek için araştırmamızda nitel araştırma yöntemi vedoküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmamıza altyapı oluşturmaküzere öncelikle Osmanlı eğitim sistemi ve kurumları araştırılmıştır. Bu kurumlardaokutulan coğrafya müfredatı ayrıntılı olarak ele alınırken, Osmanlı’nın coğrafyakonusunda yaptığı çalışmalara da ayrıca yer verilmiştir. Ortadoğu Coğrafyasının coğrafiözellikleri ise, Ali Tevfik Bey tarafından dönemin ortaöğretim kuramlarında okutulmaküzere hazırlanmış olan “Mufassal Memalik-i Osmaniye Coğrafyası” kitabı özelindeincelenmiştir. Osmanlı vilayet sistemine göre hazırlanmış olan bu kitaptaki verilere görebugünkü Ortadoğu ülkelerinin sınırları da dikkate alınarak araştırma başlıklarıoluşturulmuştur. Kitapta yer verilmeyen İran inceleme dışında bırakılırken diğerOrtadoğu ülkelerinin coğrafi özellikleri, fiziki, beşerî ve ekonomik coğrafya ana başlıklarıaltında ele alınmıştır. II. Meşrutiyet Devri ortaöğretim kurumlarındaki coğrafya müfredatıiçerisinde incelediğimiz Ortadoğu Coğrafyasının, bu kurumlarda müstakil bir ders olarakokutulmadığı görülmüştür. Ortadoğu, Memalik-i Osmaniye içerisinde Osmanlı’nın asliunsuru olarak kabul edilmiş ve Osmanlı Coğrafyasının anlatıldığı, genellikle Memalik-iOsmaniye adıyla hazırlanmış kitaplarda öğretilmiştir. İncelediğimiz “Mufassal Memaliki Osmaniye Coğrafyası” kitabı ise Ortadoğu’nun coğrafi özellikleri hakkında genişbilgiler verirken söz konusu bölgeyi daha çok tasvir etmekle yetinmiştir.
ABSTRACTGeography of the Middle East, the cradle of civilizations being the heart of theworld, has become the most valuable region of the world in terms of its geopolitical andstrategic position and its importance. This feature of the Middle East has made the regionthe center of the conflicts in every period of history, and finally the Middle East has foundthe silence during the Ottoman rule. The Middle East, which was under the dominationof the Ottoman Empire until World War I, constitute the main veins of our civilization interms of its historical, cultural and geographical features.As we compose our research from the Middle Eastern geographical features, thefocus of our study is on the Middle East Geography in secondary schools. In order toreach this goal, qualitative research method and document analysis technique were used.In this direction, firstly the Ottoman education system and institutions were researched inorder to create a infrastructure for our work. While the geography curriculum taught inthese institutions is discussed in detail, the studies of the Ottoman Empire on geographyare also included. The geographical characteristics of the Middle East Geography werestudied by Ali Tevfik in the book Ali Geography of Mufassal Memalik-i Osmaniye utulwhich was prepared for secondary school theories. According to the data of this bookprepared according to the Ottoman provincial system, research topics have been formedby taking into consideration the borders of today's Middle East countries. Iran, which isnot included in the book, is excluded from the study and the geographical characteristicsof other Middle Eastern countries are discussed under the main headings of physical,human and economic geography. II. It is observed that the Middle East Geography whichwe studied within the geography curriculum in Secondary Education Institutions inSecondary Education Institutions was not taught as an independent course in theseinstitutions. Middle East, Memalik-i Osmaniye was considered as the essential elementof the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Geography is described in the book, usually calledMemalik-i Osmaniye was taught in the book. The book le Geography of MufassalMemalik-i Osmaniye ”, which we have examined, gave extensive information about thegeographic features of the Middle East
ABSTRACTGeography of the Middle East, the cradle of civilizations being the heart of theworld, has become the most valuable region of the world in terms of its geopolitical andstrategic position and its importance. This feature of the Middle East has made the regionthe center of the conflicts in every period of history, and finally the Middle East has foundthe silence during the Ottoman rule. The Middle East, which was under the dominationof the Ottoman Empire until World War I, constitute the main veins of our civilization interms of its historical, cultural and geographical features.As we compose our research from the Middle Eastern geographical features, thefocus of our study is on the Middle East Geography in secondary schools. In order toreach this goal, qualitative research method and document analysis technique were used.In this direction, firstly the Ottoman education system and institutions were researched inorder to create a infrastructure for our work. While the geography curriculum taught inthese institutions is discussed in detail, the studies of the Ottoman Empire on geographyare also included. The geographical characteristics of the Middle East Geography werestudied by Ali Tevfik in the book Ali Geography of Mufassal Memalik-i Osmaniye utulwhich was prepared for secondary school theories. According to the data of this bookprepared according to the Ottoman provincial system, research topics have been formedby taking into consideration the borders of today's Middle East countries. Iran, which isnot included in the book, is excluded from the study and the geographical characteristicsof other Middle Eastern countries are discussed under the main headings of physical,human and economic geography. II. It is observed that the Middle East Geography whichwe studied within the geography curriculum in Secondary Education Institutions inSecondary Education Institutions was not taught as an independent course in theseinstitutions. Middle East, Memalik-i Osmaniye was considered as the essential elementof the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Geography is described in the book, usually calledMemalik-i Osmaniye was taught in the book. The book le Geography of MufassalMemalik-i Osmaniye ”, which we have examined, gave extensive information about thegeographic features of the Middle East