Publication: Devletler hukuku alanında tek taraflı hukuki işlemler
Abstract
DEVLETLER HUKUKU ALANINDA TEK TARAFLI HUKUKİ İŞLEMLER ÖZET Tek taraflı hukuki işlemler, kurumsal bir yapıya sahip olmayan uluslararası sistemde, devletin veya diğer uluslararası hukuk süjelerinin andlaşmalar dışında belki de yegane yeni statüler yaratıcı beyan yöntemleridir. Tek taraflı beyanların bu özelliği doktrin veya uluslararası camia tarafından bütünüyle kabul görmemekte hatta bazen tümüyle reddedilmekte ancak tüm bu olumsuzluklara ve uzlaşı eksikliğine rağmen güncel bir tartışma konusu olma özelliğini yitirmemektedir. Konunun esasına ilişkin çözümler, “ Tek taraflı hukuki işlemler, milletlerarası arenada, diğer uluslararası hukuk normlarından bağımsız olmak üzere, kendilerinden başka hiçbir irade açıklamasına ihtiyaç duymaksızın uluslararası yükümlülük yaratabilirler mi?” sorusunun cevabında yatmaktadır. Doktrin bu soru karşısında ikiye ayrılmakta; bir görüş, uluslararası hukukun temelinde anlaşma unsurunun yattığını kabul ederek, andlaşmalar hukukundan bağımsız bir tek taraflı işlem anlayışının olamayacağını savunmakta, diğer görüş ise bu işlemlerin otonomisi gereği bunun mümkün olduğunu iddia etmektedir. 1997 yılından itibaren Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun çalışma gündemine dahil edilen tek taraflı hukuki işlemlerin kodifikasyonu süreci, 1969 Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin kodifikasyonunda olduğu gibi bir başarı ile noktalanamamıştır. Her şeye rağmen U.H.K.’nun tek taraflı işlemlere ilişkin çalışma raporlarının ve kodifikasyon sürecinde belki de son dönemece girerken hazırlamış olduğu taslak maddelerinin, bugüne dek konu hakkında yapılmış en özenli ve en kapsamlı çalışmanın ürünü olduğunu ifade edebiliriz. İncelemenin bütününde, uluslararası hukukta tek taraflı hukuki işlem anlayışı sorgulanmış ve her sorgulama neticesi aynı sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Bu işlemlerin; devletlerin hür iradeleriyle, yeni hukuki statüler yaratma gayesi ile hareket ettikleri, resmi şeklin sert kurallarına tabi olmayan ve aleni olarak yapılan tek taraflı otonom irade açıklamaları olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. UNILATERAL LEGAL ACTS OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Unilateral legal transactions are probably the only statement method that creates new statutes except from contracts of the state or other international legal subjects in an international system that does not have a corporate structure. This character of unilateral statement is not accepted totally and sometimes even rejected by doctrine or international community and despite all those negativities and the lack of compliance it still continues to be a current discussion issue. Solutions regarding the basis of the issue lie on the answer to this question: “Can unilateral legal transactions create international obligation in international arena without requiring any explanation from authority other than themselves and independent from other international legal norms?” The doctrine is divided into two against this question; one opinion accepts that element of agreement lies on the basis of international law and there shall be no unilateral transaction independent from contract law whereas another opinion asserts that those transactions are possible due to their autonomy. Since 1997, the codification process of unilateral legal transaction which has been included to the study agenda of International Legal Commission could not been completed successfully as in the codification of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Despite anything we can assert that International Legal Commission’s study reports and draft articles regarding unilateral transactions that it has prepared in the last phase probably are the product of the most attentive and extensive study that has been made regarding the subject up to now. The understanding of unilateral legal transaction in international law has been questioned throughout this analysis and each questioning has ended with the same result. Those transactions are evaluated as unilateral autonomy will explanations where states act by their own will with the aim of creating new legal statutes and which are not subject to the rigid rules of legal type and are made openly.
Unilateral legal transactions are probably the only statement method that creates new statutes except from contracts of the state or other international legal subjects in an international system that does not have a corporate structure. This character of unilateral statement is not accepted totally and sometimes even rejected by doctrine or international community and despite all those negativities and the lack of compliance it still continues to be a current discussion issue. Solutions regarding the basis of the issue lie on the answer to this question: “Can unilateral legal transactions create international obligation in international arena without requiring any explanation from authority other than themselves and independent from other international legal norms?” The doctrine is divided into two against this question; one opinion accepts that element of agreement lies on the basis of international law and there shall be no unilateral transaction independent from contract law whereas another opinion asserts that those transactions are possible due to their autonomy. Since 1997, the codification process of unilateral legal transaction which has been included to the study agenda of International Legal Commission could not been completed successfully as in the codification of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Despite anything we can assert that International Legal Commission’s study reports and draft articles regarding unilateral transactions that it has prepared in the last phase probably are the product of the most attentive and extensive study that has been made regarding the subject up to now. The understanding of unilateral legal transaction in international law has been questioned throughout this analysis and each questioning has ended with the same result. Those transactions are evaluated as unilateral autonomy will explanations where states act by their own will with the aim of creating new legal statutes and which are not subject to the rigid rules of legal type and are made openly.