Publication: Kentsel mekan politikası: bBrselona’da kentsel dönüşüm ve estetik
Abstract
KENTSEL MEKÂN POLİTİKASI: BARSELONA’DA KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM ve ESTETİK On dokuzuncu yüzyılda sanayi kenti Barselona’da ve Paris, Londra, Berlin gibi başkentlerde kentsel mekândaki izdiham ve tıkanma bu kentlerin yaşam koşullarının bozulmasına neden olur. Ekonomik ve toplumsal krizler kentleri sağlıksız koşullara ve konut sorununa acilen çözüm bulmaya götürecektir. 19. Yüzyıl modernitenin ve kapitalist üretim tarzının çağıdır. Yeni liberal düşünce ve yaşam tarzı büyümeyi, gelişmeyi ve kâr maksimizasyonunu yeni değerler haline getirir. Süregiden kentsel sorunlara getirilen modern çözüm güzelleştirme, iyileştirme ve reform programlarıdır. Bu olgular kent sahnesinde yeni yönetim formları ve yeni aktörler anlamına gelmektedir. Merkezi yönetim, yerel otoriteler, polis, girişimciler, mülk sahipleri, sanayiciler, spekülatörler, mimar ve kent plancıları kentin aktörleri olarak ortaya çıkarlar. Yüzyılın ortasında, kentlerin bu sorunlara bulduğu etkinlik, yararlılık ve kâr temelli liberal çözümler kentsel dönüşümün kapitalist ve spekülatif formu olarak pekişirken kentsel görünümü yeni bir estetik yönelim eşliğinde değiştirir. Sonuç olarak kent planlaması, kent mekânının iyileştirilmesi ve kentsel fırsatlarda başarı sağlamış fakat ‘toplumsal sorun’ değerini kaybederek gözden düşmüştür. Toplumsal ve mekânsal ayrışma, kötü yaşam koşulları, fakirlik bu süreçlerin sonuçları olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu tez Barselona’da kentsel dönüşüm politikası, kent planlanması ve kent görünümüne odaklanarak şu soruları yanıtlamayı araştırmaktadır: Sanayi kenti Barselona’nın koşulları nelerdir? Hangi sorunlar çözülmelidir? Kentsel politika nasıl gelişmektedir ve kararları kim verir? Kentsel dönüşüm programlarının kökenindeki kentsel fikirler nelerdir? Yukarıda anılan kentlerle Barselona arasında hangi benzerlikler ve farklar teşhis edilebilir? Kent planlamasının sonuçları nelerdir ve Barselona kent estetiğini ne şekilde etkiler?
During the 19th century, the congestion of the urban area in Barselona and major industrial capital cities like Paris, London and Berlin led to their deterioration. The economic and social crisis of these cities urge them to look for suitable answers for their insalubrity and housing problems. The 19th century is the era of the modernity and the capitalist mode of production. With the new liberal thinking and its mode of living, the growth, development and maximization of profits began to carry a great a deal of interest and value. The modern solution of prevailing urban issues is set by the beautification, improvement and reform programmes. These facts imply largely the new administration and newly emerging actors in the city scene. The central government, local authorities, police forces, entrepreneurs, owners of old “estates”, property owners, industrialists, bankers, speculaters, architects and urban planners become the main actors in the urban space. In the middle of the century, urban dynamics make these programmes into real capitalist and speculative formes of the urban transformation and considerable changes in the cityscape in accordance with a new aesthetic regime. As a consequence, the urban planning produces some success stories in taking measures to improve urban space and in providing public equipments but in the mean while the social component loses its value in town planning policies. The social and spatial segregation, deplorable living conditions and poverty take place as the result of these processes. This thesis tries to focuse on the urban transformation policies, urban planning and visual appearences of the urban area in Barselona in order to find the answers of the following questions: What are the urban conditions of industrial Barselona? Which problems need to be solved? How does urban politics develope and who makes the decisions? What urban ideas are the origins of the urban transformation programmes? What similarities or dissimilarities can be diagnosed between the above mentioned capital cities and Barselona? What are the consequences of the urban planning, and how do they affect ensuing urban aesthetics in Barselona?
During the 19th century, the congestion of the urban area in Barselona and major industrial capital cities like Paris, London and Berlin led to their deterioration. The economic and social crisis of these cities urge them to look for suitable answers for their insalubrity and housing problems. The 19th century is the era of the modernity and the capitalist mode of production. With the new liberal thinking and its mode of living, the growth, development and maximization of profits began to carry a great a deal of interest and value. The modern solution of prevailing urban issues is set by the beautification, improvement and reform programmes. These facts imply largely the new administration and newly emerging actors in the city scene. The central government, local authorities, police forces, entrepreneurs, owners of old “estates”, property owners, industrialists, bankers, speculaters, architects and urban planners become the main actors in the urban space. In the middle of the century, urban dynamics make these programmes into real capitalist and speculative formes of the urban transformation and considerable changes in the cityscape in accordance with a new aesthetic regime. As a consequence, the urban planning produces some success stories in taking measures to improve urban space and in providing public equipments but in the mean while the social component loses its value in town planning policies. The social and spatial segregation, deplorable living conditions and poverty take place as the result of these processes. This thesis tries to focuse on the urban transformation policies, urban planning and visual appearences of the urban area in Barselona in order to find the answers of the following questions: What are the urban conditions of industrial Barselona? Which problems need to be solved? How does urban politics develope and who makes the decisions? What urban ideas are the origins of the urban transformation programmes? What similarities or dissimilarities can be diagnosed between the above mentioned capital cities and Barselona? What are the consequences of the urban planning, and how do they affect ensuing urban aesthetics in Barselona?