Publication: İslam hukukunda cezai sorumluluk
Abstract
Bu tez, klasik ve çağdaş kaynaklara dayanarak, İslam hukukunun cezaî sorumluluk nazariyesini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. İslam hukuku, cezaî sorumluluğu sadece maddî fiile değil, bunun ötesinde failin cezaî ehliyete sahip olması ve somut olayda kusurlu hareket etmesi şartlarına bağlamıştır. Böylece İslam hukuku açısından, suçun manevî unsuru, cezaî sorumluluğun temelini teşkil etmektedir. Cezaî sorumluluğun konusu, prensip olarak hakikî şahıslardır. Yaşayan insan olmak, akıl ve irade hürriyetine sahip bulunmak, cezaî sorumluluğun şartlarını oluşturmaktadır. Cezaî sorumluluğun sebebi, suç sayılan bir fiili işlemektir. Suç fâilinin kusuru oranında cezaî sorumluluğu da derecelenmektedir. İslam hukuku, sorumlulukta şahsîlik prensibini benimsemiştir. Suçun manevî unsuru, iki ana başlıktan oluşur: Cezaî ehliyet ve kusurluluk. Cezaî ehliyete etki eden durumlar, yaş küçüklüğü, akıl hastalığı ve rahatsızlıkları, sarhoşluk ve uyuşturucu madde kullanımı, uyku ve bayılma halleri ile hipnoz halidir. Bu haller, kişinin cezaî ehliyetini dolayısıyla cezaî sorumluluğunu etkiler. Kusurluluk hali, kusurun yoğunluğuna göre kasdî kusurlar ve taksîrî kusurlar şeklinde ikiye ayrılır. Kasdî kusurlar, kasıt ve kastın aşılması konularını kapsar. Taksîrî kusurlar da, hata, hata hükmünde olan durumlar ve sebebiyet verme konularından oluşur. İkrah ve zaruret halleri, failin kusurluluğunu dolayısıyla cezaî sorumluluğu kaldıran durumlardır.
This thesis aims to put forth the theory of criminal responsibility of Islamic law from its classical and modern resources. Islamic law attributes the criminal responsibility to wrongdoer's having of criminal capacity and fault beyond his/ her physical criminal act. That way, moral element of the crime, forms the foundation of criminal responsibility in Islamic law. The subject of criminal responsibility principally is real persons. Being a living body, having intelligence and freedom of act are the required conditions for a person to be responsible. The reason of responsibility is committing a forbidden act that is considered by law as a crime. Criminal responsibility of a person commensurates with the degree of his fault. Islamic law has accepted private responsibility of individuals. The mental element of the crime mainly consists of criminal capacity of the persons and his fault in a specific case. The factors that affect the criminal capacity of the persons are childhood, insanity, drunkenness, sleepiness, stall and hypnoses. In the event that one of these exists in a person, his/ her criminal capacity consequently criminal responsibility will be affected. The state of fault is divided in to two categories depending on its density; purposeful faults and fault by mistake. Coercion and necessity are the factors that affect the faulty consequently criminal responsibility of individual in a specific case.
This thesis aims to put forth the theory of criminal responsibility of Islamic law from its classical and modern resources. Islamic law attributes the criminal responsibility to wrongdoer's having of criminal capacity and fault beyond his/ her physical criminal act. That way, moral element of the crime, forms the foundation of criminal responsibility in Islamic law. The subject of criminal responsibility principally is real persons. Being a living body, having intelligence and freedom of act are the required conditions for a person to be responsible. The reason of responsibility is committing a forbidden act that is considered by law as a crime. Criminal responsibility of a person commensurates with the degree of his fault. Islamic law has accepted private responsibility of individuals. The mental element of the crime mainly consists of criminal capacity of the persons and his fault in a specific case. The factors that affect the criminal capacity of the persons are childhood, insanity, drunkenness, sleepiness, stall and hypnoses. In the event that one of these exists in a person, his/ her criminal capacity consequently criminal responsibility will be affected. The state of fault is divided in to two categories depending on its density; purposeful faults and fault by mistake. Coercion and necessity are the factors that affect the faulty consequently criminal responsibility of individual in a specific case.