Publication: Endojen Opioidlerin Ağrı Mekanizması Üzerine_x000D_
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Ağrı, “gerçek veya potansiyel doku hasarı ile ilişkili tarif edilen hoş_x000D_
olmayan bir duyusal ve duygusal deneyimdir” şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır._x000D_
Opioidlerin ağrı mekanizması üzerine etkilerini ortaya_x000D_
koymak amacıyla birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların çoğunda_x000D_
opioid peptidleri ve opioid reseptör agonistleri üzerine odaklanılmıştır._x000D_
Ağrı ile dopaminerjik, serotonerjik, glutaminerjik sistemlerin_x000D_
yanı sıra opioid sisteminin de ilişkili olduğu belirtilmektedir._x000D_
Papaver somniferum bitkisinden elde edilen ve bir opioid çeşidi_x000D_
olan morfin uzun yıllardır ağrı tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Morfin_x000D_
ve diğer ekzojen opioidler canlı organizmada opioid reseptörlerine_x000D_
bağlanarak aktivite gösterirler. Bu reseptörler, proteolitik parçalanma_x000D_
yoluyla aktive olan inaktif polipeptit hormonları olarak_x000D_
ifade edilen opioid peptitlere yanıt verir. Ekzojen opioidlerin yanı_x000D_
sıra canlı organizmalarda bulunan bu opioidlere endojen opioidler_x000D_
denir. Endojen opioidler ve onların peptidleri, periferik ve merkezi_x000D_
sinir sistemi boyunca eksprese edilir ve birçok farklı sistem ve işlevi_x000D_
düzenler. Endojen opioid peptidlerin temel işlevlerinden biri, ağrıya_x000D_
verilen yanıtı, azalan ağrı yolağı ile modüle etmektir. Bu bilgilerin_x000D_
ışığında endojen opioid mekanizması üzerinden hareketle ağrı_x000D_
mekanizması aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu derlemede ağrı tanımı_x000D_
yapıldıktan sonra endojen opioidler ve reseptörlerinden bahsedilecek_x000D_
ve ağrı araştırmalarında uygulanan metodoloji ve güncel_x000D_
bulgular anlatılacaktır.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience,_x000D_ associated with potential tissue damage. Many studies have_x000D_ been conducted to reveal the effects of opioids on the pain mechanism._x000D_ These studies have focused primarily on opioid peptides_x000D_ and opioid receptor agonists. In general, it is declared that dopaminergic,_x000D_ serotonergic, and glutaminergic systems as well as the_x000D_ opioid system are closely associated with pain._x000D_ Morphine, an opioid type obtained from Papaver somniferum, has_x000D_ been used for pain relief for many years. Morphine and other exogenous_x000D_ opioids show their activity by binding to opioid receptors in_x000D_ living organisms. These receptors respond to opioid peptides expressed_x000D_ as inactive polypeptide hormones activated by proteolytic_x000D_ cleavage. These opioids found in living organisms are referred as_x000D_ endogenous opioids. Endogenous opioids and their peptides are_x000D_ expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system_x000D_ and regulate many different systems and functions. One of the_x000D_ main functions of the endogenous opioid peptide is to modulate_x000D_ our pain response through a descending pain modifying pathway._x000D_ In light of this data, the mechanism of pain has been elucidated by_x000D_ studying the endogenous opioid mechanism. In this review, after_x000D_ the definition of pain, endogenous opioids and their receptors will_x000D_ be mentioned, the methodology and recent findings in pain research_x000D_ will be explained.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience,_x000D_ associated with potential tissue damage. Many studies have_x000D_ been conducted to reveal the effects of opioids on the pain mechanism._x000D_ These studies have focused primarily on opioid peptides_x000D_ and opioid receptor agonists. In general, it is declared that dopaminergic,_x000D_ serotonergic, and glutaminergic systems as well as the_x000D_ opioid system are closely associated with pain._x000D_ Morphine, an opioid type obtained from Papaver somniferum, has_x000D_ been used for pain relief for many years. Morphine and other exogenous_x000D_ opioids show their activity by binding to opioid receptors in_x000D_ living organisms. These receptors respond to opioid peptides expressed_x000D_ as inactive polypeptide hormones activated by proteolytic_x000D_ cleavage. These opioids found in living organisms are referred as_x000D_ endogenous opioids. Endogenous opioids and their peptides are_x000D_ expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system_x000D_ and regulate many different systems and functions. One of the_x000D_ main functions of the endogenous opioid peptide is to modulate_x000D_ our pain response through a descending pain modifying pathway._x000D_ In light of this data, the mechanism of pain has been elucidated by_x000D_ studying the endogenous opioid mechanism. In this review, after_x000D_ the definition of pain, endogenous opioids and their receptors will_x000D_ be mentioned, the methodology and recent findings in pain research_x000D_ will be explained.
