Publication: Anayasa mahkemesi kararı ardından mazbut ve mülhak vakıflarda tevliyet hakkına ilişkin değerlendirmeler
Abstract
Osmanlı tatbikatında vakıf, bir malı mülkiyetten çıkarıp menfaatlerini belli şartlarla, ebedi olarak bir hayır cihetine tahsis etmek olarak
tanımlanabilir. Osmanlı döneminde kurulan ve varlığını günümüzde de
devam ettiren vakıflarda “tevliyet (yönetim)” ile ilgili meseleler yargı
organlarını meşgul etmeye devam etmektedir.
2762 sayılı mülga Vakıflar Kanunu’nda, 5737 sayılı Vakıflar
Kanunu’nda ve Vakıflar Yönetmeliği’nde Osmanlı’nın mirası olan vakıf
müessesesinin yaşatılması adına tevliyete ilişkin hükümlere de yer verilmiş; böylece vakfedenin soyundan gelen kişilere vakfiyede tanınan
haklar belirli şartlar çerçevesinde korunmuştur.
Vakfedenin iradesine uygun olarak vakfın amacının gerçekleştirilebilmesi için vakfedilenin titizlikle korunması, işletilmesi ve elde edilen
gelirin dağıtılması gerekir. Mülhak vakıfların nasıl yönetileceği, bu mahkeme kararıyla Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nce yönetileceği ve temsil
edileceği düzenlenmiştir. Aynı maddede 5737 sayılı Kanunun yürürlüğe
girmesinden önce mazbut vakıflar arasına alınan vakıflarla, 5737 sayılı
Vakıflar Kanunu’na göre mazbut vakıflar arasına alınan vakıflara bir daha
yönetici seçimi ve ataması yapılamayacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu düzenleme
uyarınca on yıl yönetici atanamayan mülhak vakıflar da mazbut vakıf
sayılarak, yönetimi tamamen Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne bırakılmıştır.
Anayasa Mahkemesi, vakfedenin soyundan gelen ve vakfiyeye göre
tevliyet hakkı bulunan kişinin bu hakkını kullanamamasının Anayasa’nın
35. maddesinde düzenlenen “mülkiyet hakkını” ihlal ettiği yönündeki
bireysel başvurusuna ilişkin olarak, mülhak vakfın Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından mazbut vakıflar arasına alınmasının tevliyet hakkına
sahip olabilecek vakıf evladı olan başvurucu yönünden mülkiyet hakkına
müdahale teşkil ettiğine karar vermiştir1
.
Bu karardaki tespit ve değerlendirmeler ışığında hukuki sorun, 5737
sayılı Kanunda yer alan tevliyete ilişkin hükümlerden çıkan sonuçların
vakfedenin iradesi ile ne kadar uyumlu olduğudur. Vakıfta asıl olan vakfedenin iradesine üstünlük tanımaktır. Vakfeden, vakfettiği malların yönetimini kendi soyundan gelenlere şart kılmış ise yönetim hakkı vakfiyedeki
şartlara göre öncelikle bu kişilere aittir. Mülhak vakıfların denetimi Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nün görevleri arasındadır. Kanun gereği yönetimin
Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne bırakıldığı durumlarda ise yönetim hakkı
kapsamında vakıf mallarından azami menfaatin sağlanıp sağlanmadığının
ve elde edilen menfaatin vakfedenin iradesine uygun olarak hayır amacıyla kullanılıp kullanılmadığının denetlenmesi zorunludur. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nün 5737 sayılı Kanun m. 37 uyarınca 5018 sayılı Kamu
Malî Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu hükümleri çerçevesinde genel olarak
denetime tabi olmasının bu konunun gerektirdiği özel denetim açısından
yeterli olmayacağı düşünülmektedir.
vakıfların malvarlığını, vakıf şartlarını ve vakfedenin isteklerini içeren
vakfiyelerde belirtilmiştir. Mülhak vakıflar, vakfiyedeki şartlara göre
Vakıflar Meclisi tarafından atanan yöneticiler tarafından idare ve temsil
edilmektedir. Mazbut vakıflar ise Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nün vesayeti
altına alınan özel hukuk hükümlerine tabi tüzel kişiler olup, bu vakıfların
yönetimi ve temsili hukuki statülerinin korunarak yaşatılmaları amacıyla
Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne aittir.
5737 sayılı Kanunun 7. maddesinde, on yıl süreyle yönetici atanamayan veya yönetim organı oluşturulamayan mülhak vakıfların da
The foundation in the Ottoman exercise; It can be defined as removing a property from ownership and allocating its interests to a beneficent cause under certain conditions forever. In the foundations that were established in the Ottoman period and continue their existence today, issues related to “tevliyet (administration)” continue to occupy the judicial organs. In the abrogated Foundations Law numbered 2762, the Foundations Law numbered 5737 and the Foundations Regulation, the provisions regarding the foundation institution, which was the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, were also included; Thus, the rights granted to the descendants of the endower in the endowment were protected under certain conditions. In accordance with the will of the endower, the endowed must be carefully protected, operated and the income obtained must be distributed in order to achieve the purpose of the foundation. The management of mülhak foundations is specified in the endowment, which include the assets of these foundations, the foundation conditions and the requests of the endower. Mülhak foundations are managed and represented by the directors to be appointed by the Foundations Council according to the conditions in the endowment. Mazbut foundations, on the other hand, are legal entities subject to private law provisions under the guardianship of the General Directorate of Foun- dations, and the management and representation of these foundations belong to the General Directorate of Foundations in order to protect their legal status. In Article 7 of Law No. 5737, it is regulated that mülhak foundations, for which a manager cannot be appointed or a management organ cannot be established for ten years, will be managed and represented by the General Directorate of Foundations by court decision. In the same article, it was stated that no more managers could be elected and appointed to the foundations that were included among the mazbut foundations before the entry into force of the Law No.5737, and the foundations that were included among the mazbut foundations according to the Law on Foundations. In accordance with this regulation, mülhak foundations, which cannot be appointed for ten years, shall be deemed to be mazbut foundations and their management is completely left to the General Directorate of Foundations. Regarding the individual application of the Constitutional Court claiming that the inability of the person who is a descendant of the endower and who has the right to manage according to the foundation, violates the “property right” regulated in Article 35 of the Constitution, the inclusion of the mülhak foundation among the mazbut foundations by the General Directorate of Foundations Decides that it constitutes an interference with the property right on the part of the applicant. In the light of the determinations and evaluations in this decision, the legal problem is how the results of the provisions regarding management in Law No. 5737 are compatible with the will of the foundation. The main thing in the foundation is to give superiority to the will of the endower. If the management of the assets endowed by the endower has been stipulated by its descendants, the management right belongs primarily to these persons according to the conditions in the foundation. The auditing of mülhak foundations is among the duties of the General Directorate of Foundations. In cases where the management is left to the General Directorate of Foundations as per the law, it is obligatory to inspect whether the maximum benefit is obtained from the foundation 2 properties within the scope of the management right and whether the benefit obtained is used for charitable purposes in accordance with the will of the endower. Law No. 5737 of the General Directorate of Foundations. 37, it is generally subject to audit within the framework of the provisions of the Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018. However, it is considered that this audit will not be sufficient for the special audit required by this issue.
The foundation in the Ottoman exercise; It can be defined as removing a property from ownership and allocating its interests to a beneficent cause under certain conditions forever. In the foundations that were established in the Ottoman period and continue their existence today, issues related to “tevliyet (administration)” continue to occupy the judicial organs. In the abrogated Foundations Law numbered 2762, the Foundations Law numbered 5737 and the Foundations Regulation, the provisions regarding the foundation institution, which was the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, were also included; Thus, the rights granted to the descendants of the endower in the endowment were protected under certain conditions. In accordance with the will of the endower, the endowed must be carefully protected, operated and the income obtained must be distributed in order to achieve the purpose of the foundation. The management of mülhak foundations is specified in the endowment, which include the assets of these foundations, the foundation conditions and the requests of the endower. Mülhak foundations are managed and represented by the directors to be appointed by the Foundations Council according to the conditions in the endowment. Mazbut foundations, on the other hand, are legal entities subject to private law provisions under the guardianship of the General Directorate of Foun- dations, and the management and representation of these foundations belong to the General Directorate of Foundations in order to protect their legal status. In Article 7 of Law No. 5737, it is regulated that mülhak foundations, for which a manager cannot be appointed or a management organ cannot be established for ten years, will be managed and represented by the General Directorate of Foundations by court decision. In the same article, it was stated that no more managers could be elected and appointed to the foundations that were included among the mazbut foundations before the entry into force of the Law No.5737, and the foundations that were included among the mazbut foundations according to the Law on Foundations. In accordance with this regulation, mülhak foundations, which cannot be appointed for ten years, shall be deemed to be mazbut foundations and their management is completely left to the General Directorate of Foundations. Regarding the individual application of the Constitutional Court claiming that the inability of the person who is a descendant of the endower and who has the right to manage according to the foundation, violates the “property right” regulated in Article 35 of the Constitution, the inclusion of the mülhak foundation among the mazbut foundations by the General Directorate of Foundations Decides that it constitutes an interference with the property right on the part of the applicant. In the light of the determinations and evaluations in this decision, the legal problem is how the results of the provisions regarding management in Law No. 5737 are compatible with the will of the foundation. The main thing in the foundation is to give superiority to the will of the endower. If the management of the assets endowed by the endower has been stipulated by its descendants, the management right belongs primarily to these persons according to the conditions in the foundation. The auditing of mülhak foundations is among the duties of the General Directorate of Foundations. In cases where the management is left to the General Directorate of Foundations as per the law, it is obligatory to inspect whether the maximum benefit is obtained from the foundation 2 properties within the scope of the management right and whether the benefit obtained is used for charitable purposes in accordance with the will of the endower. Law No. 5737 of the General Directorate of Foundations. 37, it is generally subject to audit within the framework of the provisions of the Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018. However, it is considered that this audit will not be sufficient for the special audit required by this issue.
Description
Keywords
Citation
AVCI M. Ö., \"Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararı Ardından Mazbut ve Mülhak
Vakıflarda Tevliyet Hakkına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler\", Özel Hukukun Güncel Sorunları ve Anayasa'nın Özel Hukuka Etkileri, İstanbul, Türkiye, 17 Nisan 2021, ss.281-285
