Publication: Ritmik cimnastikte teknik antrenman yöntemlerinin performansla ilişkisi
Abstract
Bu araştırmada, dokuz-onbir yaş grubundaki ritmik cimnastikçilere yarışma dönemindeki teknik antrenmanlarda uygulanan farklı yüklenmelerin performansla ilişkisi incelenerek, Türkiye şartlarında uygulanabilecek bir antrenman modeli sunulmuştur. Bu amaçla, minikler kategorisinde yarışan ve en az üç yıldır bu spor dalı ile ilgilenen lisanslı ritmik cimnastikçiler araştırma kapsamına alınmıştır. Araştırma grubunu, 12' si denek (10. 42 ± 0. 67 yaş / yıl) ve 12' si kontrol (10 . 50± 0.52 yaş / yıl) olmak üzere toplam 24 kız cimnastikçi oluşturmuştur. Her iki grup, yarışma dönemindeki üç aylık süre içerisinde, araştırmaya katılmış ve haftada dört gün, günde üçer saatten olmak üzere toplam 159 saat çalışarak, 13. 5 haftada 54 antrenman yapmışlardır. Grupların temelde antrenman içerikleri aynı, fakat antrenman yüklenme dağılımları farklı olmuştur. Araştırmanın başında ve sonunda, motor özelliklere ilişkin 19 test uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, yarışmalarda kullanılan sekizi serbest ve sekizi ip kompozisyonlarındaki zorunlu 16 hareket teknik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Cimnastikçiler zorunlu hareketleri altışar kez uygulamıştır. Videoya kaydedilen bu elementler, yarışma kuralları doğrultusunda geliştirilen bir ölçek aracılığıyla, uluslararası hakemler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonunda uygulanan ikinci ölçüm verilerine göre, grupların gelişim farklılıkları belirlenmiş ve performans kriteri olarak kabul edilen yarışma sonuçlarına olan etkileri Pearson korelasyonu ile araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca bu özelliklere ilişkin regresyon formülleri geliştirilmiştir. Grupların gelişim farklılıklarının karşılaştırmasında ise hipotez testleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel analizler SPSS paket yapılmıştır. Aktif ve pasif nitelikteki 12 esneklik parametresinin benzer oranlarda geliştirilmesi gerektiği ve yarışma performansını istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı düzeyde etkileyebilecek en önemli özellik olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Kuvvet, sürat, çabukluk ve reaksiyon süratine yönelik motor özelliklerin, ip ve serbest seri puanını etkilediği; ancak serbest seri puanı ile daha çok ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır (p< 0. 05). Ayrıca zorunlu elementlerdeki teknik düzeyin yanı sıra, kompozisyonları oluşturan öğelerdeki tekrar sayılarının da yarışma puanlarını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir (p< 0. 05). Üç ay içerisinde, her iki grubun motor özelliklerinde ve teknik düzeyinde gelişim olduğu saptanmıştır. Ancak bu gelişim farkının, denek grubunda kontrol grubuna oranla istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0. 05). Yarışmalar arasındaki toplam puanlardaki artış farkının denek grubunda (2. 54 puan), kontrol grubuna (0. 92 puan) oranla daha yüksek olduğu da tespit edilmiştir (p< 0. 05). Kompozisyonun bileşenlerinin tekrar sayılarının teknik gelişime etkisinin esneklikteki artışla birlikte paralellik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Yarışma özelliği taşıyan bir programın ağırlıklı olduğu durumlarda, hareketlilik dışındaki motor özelliklerin gelişiminin belli ölçüler içerisinde kalabileceği saptanmıştır. Bu özelliklerin geliştirilmesi için, sadece teknik elementlerin tekrar sayılarının yeterli olamayacağı sonucuna da varılmıştır. Bu bağlamda; Türkiye'deki antrenörlerin genellikle uyguladıkları, bir antrenman biriminde tüm elementlerin belli sayılarda tekrar edilmesine yönelik yapılan çalışmaların, teknik gelişim açısından çok yararlı olamayacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Hareket tekniğinin geliştirilmesinde etken olan ve özellikle temel gelişiminin önemli olduğu dokuz-on bir yaş grubundaki cimnastikçilerde tekrar sayılarının da hareketlerin teknik özelliklerine göre düzenlenmesi gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, kompozisyon öğelerindeki tekrar sayılarının her antrenman biriminde düzenlenmesinin, tekniğin ve performansın gelişiminde daha etkili olabileceği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; Türkiye şartları göz önüne alınarak denek grubuna uyguladığımız bu antrenman modelinin ve elementlerle, serilerdeki tekrar sayılarının, performans gelişiminde çok yönlü bir artış sağladığı ve bunun kontrol grubuna oranla daha yüksek oranda olduğu belirlenmiştir (p< 0.05). Bu bağlamda; sunmuş olduğumuz antrenman zellikle zorunlu elementlerin yer aldığı kategorilerde, performans gelişiminde çok yönlü artış sağlaması nedeniyle, yarışma dönemi için örnek olarak kullanılabilmek üzere önerilmiştir.
In this study the relation between the different loads applied to the rhythmic gymnastics aged nine - eleven (10. 46 ± 0.59 age / year) in the technical training in the competition term and performance was examined. Then a training model, which can be carried out in Turkey, was offered. Total 24 rhythmic gymnasts who compete in the elementary category and are interested in this sport for at least three years took part in this study. The subject group consisted of 12 gymnasts (10. 42 ± 0. 67 age / year) and 12 gymnasts (10. 50 ± 0.52 age / year) took part in the control group. During three months both groups trained four days in a week in the competition period. They participated in 54 training sessions, which lasted three hours each during thirteen and a half week (total 159 hours). The training contents of groups were same but the training dispersion was different. 19 tests concerning motoric features were applied both in the beginning and in the end of the study. In addition, total 16 compulsory body movement elements from eight without apparatus and eight rope compositions were evaluated technically. The gymnasts performed the compulsory body movement elements six times and these elements, which were filmed, were evaluated by some of the international judges by means of scale developed according to the competition rules. According to the results of the second measurement, development differences of the groups were determined and their effects to the competition results were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Also hypothesis tests were used in comparisons. In addition, regression formulas were developed and SPSS program was used in all statistical analysis. It has been determined that active and passive 12 flexibility parameters should be improved in similar proportion and it was the most important feature which can affect the competition performance significantly (p < 0. 05). It has been also found that the motoric features concerning strength, speed, agility and reaction speed affected the points of rope and without apparatus routines, but they were related mostly with the freehand apparatus routine point (p< 0. 05), It has been determined that repetition number in composition affected competition points besides technical level of compulsory elements (p < 0.05). In generally, it has been found that motoric features and technical level in both groups developed during three months but this difference in subject group was higher significantly than the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the increase of competition total points of the subject group (2. 54 points) was higher than the control group ( 0. 92 points) ( p < 0.05). It has been found that the effects of repetition numbers to the technical development paralleled the increase in flexibility. The development of the motoric features except flexibility does not improve during a program concerning competition specialties. It has been concluded that only repetition numbers of the technical elements would not sufficient in order to improve these features. The studies in which all the elements are repeated in particular numbers but in same ratio in a training session Turkish trainers mostly apply will not be useful for the technical development. This is important for the gymnasts aged nine- eleven years old because the repetition numbers affect the basic development in these ages. According to the these results, adjusting the ratio repetition numbers for each element and training session can be more effective in the technical development and increase of performance. As a result, it has been determined that this training model, which we applied to the subject group thinking of the condition of Turkey, and repetition numbers of the elements and routines were effective in the increase of performance and this was higher than the control group ( p< 0. 05). The training program we presented are offered in order to be used as a model for a competition session because it provides an important increase in the performance development especially in the categories in which compulsory elements take part.
In this study the relation between the different loads applied to the rhythmic gymnastics aged nine - eleven (10. 46 ± 0.59 age / year) in the technical training in the competition term and performance was examined. Then a training model, which can be carried out in Turkey, was offered. Total 24 rhythmic gymnasts who compete in the elementary category and are interested in this sport for at least three years took part in this study. The subject group consisted of 12 gymnasts (10. 42 ± 0. 67 age / year) and 12 gymnasts (10. 50 ± 0.52 age / year) took part in the control group. During three months both groups trained four days in a week in the competition period. They participated in 54 training sessions, which lasted three hours each during thirteen and a half week (total 159 hours). The training contents of groups were same but the training dispersion was different. 19 tests concerning motoric features were applied both in the beginning and in the end of the study. In addition, total 16 compulsory body movement elements from eight without apparatus and eight rope compositions were evaluated technically. The gymnasts performed the compulsory body movement elements six times and these elements, which were filmed, were evaluated by some of the international judges by means of scale developed according to the competition rules. According to the results of the second measurement, development differences of the groups were determined and their effects to the competition results were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Also hypothesis tests were used in comparisons. In addition, regression formulas were developed and SPSS program was used in all statistical analysis. It has been determined that active and passive 12 flexibility parameters should be improved in similar proportion and it was the most important feature which can affect the competition performance significantly (p < 0. 05). It has been also found that the motoric features concerning strength, speed, agility and reaction speed affected the points of rope and without apparatus routines, but they were related mostly with the freehand apparatus routine point (p< 0. 05), It has been determined that repetition number in composition affected competition points besides technical level of compulsory elements (p < 0.05). In generally, it has been found that motoric features and technical level in both groups developed during three months but this difference in subject group was higher significantly than the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the increase of competition total points of the subject group (2. 54 points) was higher than the control group ( 0. 92 points) ( p < 0.05). It has been found that the effects of repetition numbers to the technical development paralleled the increase in flexibility. The development of the motoric features except flexibility does not improve during a program concerning competition specialties. It has been concluded that only repetition numbers of the technical elements would not sufficient in order to improve these features. The studies in which all the elements are repeated in particular numbers but in same ratio in a training session Turkish trainers mostly apply will not be useful for the technical development. This is important for the gymnasts aged nine- eleven years old because the repetition numbers affect the basic development in these ages. According to the these results, adjusting the ratio repetition numbers for each element and training session can be more effective in the technical development and increase of performance. As a result, it has been determined that this training model, which we applied to the subject group thinking of the condition of Turkey, and repetition numbers of the elements and routines were effective in the increase of performance and this was higher than the control group ( p< 0. 05). The training program we presented are offered in order to be used as a model for a competition session because it provides an important increase in the performance development especially in the categories in which compulsory elements take part.