Publication: İbn Sina’da ilimler tasnifi
Abstract
Felsefe tarihinde çeşitli çalışmalarda ilimler tasnifi yapılmıştır. Platon'nun Devlet'i Aristo'nun Metafizik'i, Harizmî'nin Mefâtîhu'l-'ulûm'u, fârâbî'nin İhsâu'l-'ulûm'u, İbn Sînâ'nın Risâle fî Aksâmi'l-hikme'si bu çalışmalara örnek olarak verilebilir. Bu tezde İbn Sînâ'nın Aksâmu'l-hikme risâlesine ait tahkikli çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu kritikli çalışmada risâlenin 16 yazma nüshasından 4 tanesi seçilerek temel alınmış ve bu nüshalar tanıtılmış, diğerleri ise liste halinde verilmiştir. Ayrıca bu kritikli metin Türkçe'ye çevrilmiştir. Bunlara ilaveten İbn Sînâ'nın bu risâlesindeki tasnifi eş-Şifâ, Mantıku'l-meşrıkîyyîn vs. eserlerinde yapmış olduğu tasnifle karşılaştırılmıştır. İbn Sînâ ilimleri önce hikmet ve diğerleri olmak üzere iki kısma ayırmış, sonra hikmeti, temel ilimler ve onun dalları olmak üzere iki sınıfa ayırmıştır. Daha sonra temel ilimleri yine iki kısma ayırmıştır. İlki, hikmetin âleti olan mantık ilmidir. İkincisi ise amelî (pratik) ve nazarî (teorik) olmak üzere iki kısımda incelenmiştir. Amelî kısım ahlâk, ev idaresi (tedbîrü'l-menzil) siyâset (tedbîrü'l-medîne) ve şeri'at disiplini olmak üzere dörde ayrılmıştır. Nazarî kısım ise fizik, matematik, metafizik (teoloji ve evrensel ilim=el-ilm el-küllî) kısımlarından ibarettir. Fizik ilminin temel kısımları sekiz tanedir: fizik (es-simâ'u't-tabîî), es-Semâu ve'âlem, el-Kevn ve'l-fesâd, el-Âsâru'l-ulviyye, el-Meâdin, en-Nebât, el-Hayevân, eNefs ve el-Hiss ve'l-mahsûs. Yan kısımları (el-aksâmu'l-fer'iyye) ise şunlardır: Tıb, astroloji, fizyognomi, rüya tabiri, tılsımât, nîrencât el-kimyâ. Matemetik şu dört temel kısmı içerir: Aritmetik, geometri astronomi ve müzik. Bunların her biri yan kısımlara ayrılır. Metafizik ise beş temel kısmı içerir. Bütün varlıklara ait genel kavramlar (varlık=hüviyet, birlik vb.); fizik matematik mantık ilimlerinin ilkeleri (bunlar evrensel ilim olarak isimlendirilebilir); Tanrı ve O'nun sıfatları; ruhânî varlıklar, melekler; ruhânî varlıklarla yeryüzündeki varlıkların irtibatı (bular teoloji=el-ilm el-ilâhî) olarak isimlendirilebilir. İbn Sînâ teoloji içinde vahiy, nübüvvet, mûcize, ölümden sonraki hayat ('imü'l-meâd), ruhânî mükâfât ve ceza konularını da açıkladı. İlimlerin âleti olan mantık ise sekiz temel kısıma ayrılır: İsagoci (Medhal), Kategoriler (Makûlât), Peri Hermeneias (İbâre), Analitika I (Kıyas), Analitika II (Burhan), Topika (Cedel), Sofistika (Safsata), Retorika (Hatâbe), Topika (Şiir) Böylece sonuç olarak İbn Sînâ'nın ilimler tasnifini Aksâmu'l-hikme risâlesini temel alarak vermeye çalıştım.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES ON AVICENNA One finds variety of treatise in history of philosophy the clasifying the sciences. For example, in Republic by Plato, Metaphysics by Aristotle, Mafatih al-'Ulum by al-Khwarizmi, Enumaration of the Sciences (İhsa' al-ulum) by al-Farabi, The Epistle on the Divisions of Wisdom (Risalah fi Aqsam al-hikma) by Avicenna etc. In this thesis, there are a critical edition of The Epistle on the Divisions of Wisdom, based on a reasanable choice of 4 basic manuscripts from among 16 manuscripts and these 4 basic manuscripts are explaind in detail and are listed other manuscripts. This critical edition is translated into Turkish. In addition to these, the classification of Avicenna in this epistle are compared to other treatise by Avicenna -in The Cure, The Easternes-. Firstly, sciences are divided into two parts by Avicenna, first part is wisdom (hikma) and second part is others. And then, wisdom are classified into fundemental sciences and derivative sciences. Then, fundemental sciences are divided into two part: first is logic -organon of wisdom- , second part is analyzed as practical part and theoretical (abstract) part. The practical part subdivided into ethics, governance of the house, politics and the discipline of religious law (es-sına'tu'ş-şeri'a). The theoretical part is subdivided into physics, mathematics, metaphysics (theology and universal science=al-'ilm al-külli)). In physics, the principal parts are eight. These are Physics, On the heavens and the World; generation and corruption; Meteorology; minerals; plants;animals the soul-The Sense and the Sensible. The special parts (al-aqsâm al-far'iyya) are seven: medicine, astrology, physiognomy, oneiromency, the science of talismans, theurgy, alchemy. Mathematics includes four princibal parts. These are the science of numbers, geometry,astronomy, music. Each one subdivides into special parts. Metaphysics includes five principal parts: the study of general concepts common to all beings (identity, unity etc); the principles of physics, of mathematics, of logic -these can be called as universal science-; God and His attributes, celestial beings, angels, relationships between the terrestrial and celastial beings - these can be called as theolocy-. Avicenna detailed theology; these are revalation and prophecy and afterlife ('ilmü'l-mead), the spiritual good and bad. Finally logic -organon other sciences- has nine principal parts: Isagoge (Medhal), Categories (Makulat), Peri Hermeneies (İbare), Analitics I (Kıyas), Analitics II (Burhan), Topics (cedel), Sophistics, Rhetorics (Hatabe), Poetics (Şi'ir). In finally, I try to give overview of classification of sciences on Avicenna as based on The Epistle the Divisions of Wisdom.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES ON AVICENNA One finds variety of treatise in history of philosophy the clasifying the sciences. For example, in Republic by Plato, Metaphysics by Aristotle, Mafatih al-'Ulum by al-Khwarizmi, Enumaration of the Sciences (İhsa' al-ulum) by al-Farabi, The Epistle on the Divisions of Wisdom (Risalah fi Aqsam al-hikma) by Avicenna etc. In this thesis, there are a critical edition of The Epistle on the Divisions of Wisdom, based on a reasanable choice of 4 basic manuscripts from among 16 manuscripts and these 4 basic manuscripts are explaind in detail and are listed other manuscripts. This critical edition is translated into Turkish. In addition to these, the classification of Avicenna in this epistle are compared to other treatise by Avicenna -in The Cure, The Easternes-. Firstly, sciences are divided into two parts by Avicenna, first part is wisdom (hikma) and second part is others. And then, wisdom are classified into fundemental sciences and derivative sciences. Then, fundemental sciences are divided into two part: first is logic -organon of wisdom- , second part is analyzed as practical part and theoretical (abstract) part. The practical part subdivided into ethics, governance of the house, politics and the discipline of religious law (es-sına'tu'ş-şeri'a). The theoretical part is subdivided into physics, mathematics, metaphysics (theology and universal science=al-'ilm al-külli)). In physics, the principal parts are eight. These are Physics, On the heavens and the World; generation and corruption; Meteorology; minerals; plants;animals the soul-The Sense and the Sensible. The special parts (al-aqsâm al-far'iyya) are seven: medicine, astrology, physiognomy, oneiromency, the science of talismans, theurgy, alchemy. Mathematics includes four princibal parts. These are the science of numbers, geometry,astronomy, music. Each one subdivides into special parts. Metaphysics includes five principal parts: the study of general concepts common to all beings (identity, unity etc); the principles of physics, of mathematics, of logic -these can be called as universal science-; God and His attributes, celestial beings, angels, relationships between the terrestrial and celastial beings - these can be called as theolocy-. Avicenna detailed theology; these are revalation and prophecy and afterlife ('ilmü'l-mead), the spiritual good and bad. Finally logic -organon other sciences- has nine principal parts: Isagoge (Medhal), Categories (Makulat), Peri Hermeneies (İbare), Analitics I (Kıyas), Analitics II (Burhan), Topics (cedel), Sophistics, Rhetorics (Hatabe), Poetics (Şi'ir). In finally, I try to give overview of classification of sciences on Avicenna as based on The Epistle the Divisions of Wisdom.