Publication: Neoliberal politikaların 3. dünya ülkeleri üzerindeki ekonomik etkileri
Abstract
Noeliberalizm 1980’li yıllarda Keynesyen iktisadın bazı sorunlar karşısında çaresiz kalmasıyla ideolojik temelini bulmuş,ülkelerin mal ve sermaye piyasalarını serbestleştirmeleriyle yaşanan birikim krizi bu şekilde aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Az gelişmiş ülkelerin kalkınmalarına çare olarak gösterilen yapısal uyum programları,bu ülkelerin finansal liberalleşmelerini sağlayarak sermaye piyasalarını cazip kılmaya çalışmaları,bu konuda rekabetin artmasını sağlamış,bu durumda para ekonomisinin ortaya çıkmasına ve reel ekonominin gözden düşmesine neden olmuştur.Mal ve sermaye piyasalarının serbestleşmesi hızlı bir küreselleşmeyi beraberinde getirmiş,bu da dünya ekonomilerinin birbirleri ile bağlarını daha fazla güçlendirmiştir.Artık küçük bir ülkede dahi yaşanan ekonomik kriz diğer ülkelere sıçramakta,dünyayı kriz sarmalına sokmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu aşamadan itibaren ülkelerarasında konulacak bazı kurallar ve kurulacak kurumlar olacaktır.Bu kurumlar kriz yaşayan ülkeyi karantinaya alacak ve krizin etkilerini sınırlamaya çalışılacaklardır. Son yıllarda ardı ardına yaşanan ekonomik krizlerden muzdarip az gelişen ülkelerin sorunlarına çareler aranırken,2000’li yıllardan itibaren gelişmiş ülkelerin de krize yakalanmaları sorunun sadece içsel faktörlerden kaynaklanmadığı,aslında 1980’lerde kurgulanan Neoliberal ideolojinin de sorgulanmasına neden olmuştur.Ancak bu ideolojinin sorgulanması ve gerekirse değiştirilmesi sanıldığı kadar kolay değildir.Zira Neoliberalizm tarihten bu yana kurgulanan,denenen,önerilen birçok ideolojinin toplamıdır.Dolayısıyla bu ideolojinin değişmesi demek bugüne kadar toplum katmanlarında yaşanan değişimin, oluşturulan yaşam biçimlerinin,paylaşılan rollerin,yönetim biçimlerinin de sorgulanması anlamına gelecektir.Dolayısıyla Neoliberalizm’e alternatif bir ekonomi politikası,devrim mahiyetinde bir yenilik olmayıp bazı fonksiyonlarında sınırlı değişiklikler getirebileceği bugünün güç dengelerinden anlaşılmaktadır.Güç dengelerinin kapsamlı değişime müsaade etmemesi neoklasik kuramın argümanlarının sorgulanmadığı anlamına gelmemektedir.Eğer bilimsel anlamda yeni bir açılım getirilebilirse tamamen farklı bir ekonomik model üzerinde de ancak konuşabiliriz.Bu çalışmada bahsettiğimiz güç dengeleri ile kurulan ekonomik modelin ilişkisi incelenmiş,ardından bazı ülke deneyimlerinden çıkan sonuçlarla farklı bir modelin kurulmasının ne denli gerçekçi olduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.
In 1980s, Neoliberalism found its ideological basis as the Keynesian economics became desperate against certain problems and the savings crisis, caused by the liberalization of both the goods and capital markets by countries, was endeavored to be overcome this way. The structural adjustment programs that were indicated as a remedy for the development of less developed countries and the efforts exerted by the same countries to make their capital markets attractive by fulfilling their financial liberalizations resulted in an increase of competition in this regard, thus triggering the emergence of monetary economy and the disgrace of real economy. Liberalization of goods and capital markets brought along a rapid globalization process, which strengthened the connection of world economies with each other even further. Today, even an economic crisis that a small country goes through spreads over others and places the world into a spiral of crisis. For this reason, specific rules will be introduced and specific institutions will be established at this stage, on the transnational platform. The abovementioned institutions will put the countries in crisis into quarantine and try to restrict the effects of that crisis. While remedies are searched for resolving the problems of the less developed countries suffering from successive economic crises in recent years, it appears that the problem of getting infected with crises, suffered also by the developed countries since 2000s, does not arise merely from internal factors, which leads to questioning the Neoliberal ideology that was actually built in 1980s. However, questioning that ideology and changing it, if necessary, would not be as easy as is thought. Because, Neoliberalism is the sum of numerous ideologies built, tried and recommended since ancient history. It is evident from today’s balances of power that an alternative economic policy to Neoliberalism would, therefore, not be a revolutionary innovation, but it could introduce limited alterations to some functions. The fact that balances of power do not allow comprehensive alterations means that the arguments of neoclassical theory are not questioned. If a new scientific opening can be introduced, then we can talk about a whole different economic model. In this study, the relationship between the abovementioned balances of power and the established economic model has been analyzed and then the idea of how realistic it would be to establish a different model driving from the experiences of some countries is attempted to be understood.
In 1980s, Neoliberalism found its ideological basis as the Keynesian economics became desperate against certain problems and the savings crisis, caused by the liberalization of both the goods and capital markets by countries, was endeavored to be overcome this way. The structural adjustment programs that were indicated as a remedy for the development of less developed countries and the efforts exerted by the same countries to make their capital markets attractive by fulfilling their financial liberalizations resulted in an increase of competition in this regard, thus triggering the emergence of monetary economy and the disgrace of real economy. Liberalization of goods and capital markets brought along a rapid globalization process, which strengthened the connection of world economies with each other even further. Today, even an economic crisis that a small country goes through spreads over others and places the world into a spiral of crisis. For this reason, specific rules will be introduced and specific institutions will be established at this stage, on the transnational platform. The abovementioned institutions will put the countries in crisis into quarantine and try to restrict the effects of that crisis. While remedies are searched for resolving the problems of the less developed countries suffering from successive economic crises in recent years, it appears that the problem of getting infected with crises, suffered also by the developed countries since 2000s, does not arise merely from internal factors, which leads to questioning the Neoliberal ideology that was actually built in 1980s. However, questioning that ideology and changing it, if necessary, would not be as easy as is thought. Because, Neoliberalism is the sum of numerous ideologies built, tried and recommended since ancient history. It is evident from today’s balances of power that an alternative economic policy to Neoliberalism would, therefore, not be a revolutionary innovation, but it could introduce limited alterations to some functions. The fact that balances of power do not allow comprehensive alterations means that the arguments of neoclassical theory are not questioned. If a new scientific opening can be introduced, then we can talk about a whole different economic model. In this study, the relationship between the abovementioned balances of power and the established economic model has been analyzed and then the idea of how realistic it would be to establish a different model driving from the experiences of some countries is attempted to be understood.