Publication: Abbasi döneminde zenci hareketi (255-270/ 869-883)
Abstract
Zencîler, Doğu Afrika sahilinden getirilerek İslam ülkesinde ve özellikle Irak'ın Basra bataklıklarında tuzlu tabakayı temizleyip araziyi ziraata elverişli hale getirmek amacıyla çalıştırılan ve yaşamlarından memnun olmayarak Hz. Alinin neslinden olduğunu iddia eden Ali b. Muhammed'in liderliğinde Abbasi idaresine ve toprak sahiplerine karşı ayaklanan kölelerdir. Bu harekette sadece zenciler bulunmamış, bunlarla birlikte farklı etnik kökenli insanlar da bulunmuştur. Bunlar içerisinde Karmatîler, Furatîler, Nûbelîler, bedevi Araplar, Berberîler gibi farklı etnik kökenli insanlar yer almıştır. Ali b. Muhammed Samerra'da hocalık yaparken Muntasır'ın ölmesi üzerine 249/ 863 senesinde buradan Bahreyn'e geçmiş ve buradaki Necdeyn, Hecer, Ahsa ve badiyeyi gezdikten sonra buralarda barınamayarak 254/ 868 yılında Basra'ya ve kısa bir süre sonra Bağdat'a geçmiştir. Bağdat'ta faaliyetlerini gizlice sürdürürken Basra'nın karıştığı, valisinin çıkarıldığı, cezaevindekilerinin salıverildikleri ve bunlar içerisinde ailesinin ve çocuklarının bulunduğu haberleri kendine ulaşınca, Basra'ya hareket etmiş ve buranın yakınına konaklamıştır. Burada şu ana kadar hiç aklına gelmeyen Zencilere el atma fikrine sahip olmuştur. Bunlara cazip vaatlere bulunarak onları kendine çekebilmiştir. Bunlar ilk önce Basra'ya saldırmışlar ve buranın dış bağlantılarını kesmişler, bu doğrultuda bir sene içersinde Übülle, Abbadan ve Ahvaz'ı ele geçirmişler ve daha sonra Basra'yı da ele geçirerek varlıklarını ve hakimiyetlerini ispatlamışlardır. Vasıt, Numaniye ve Cerceraya'ya kadar ilerleyerek hâkimiyet alanlarını daha da genişletmişlerdir. Muvaffak'ın oğlu Ebü'l- Abbas'ın Vasıt bölgesine gelmesiyle Zencîlerin ilerleyişi yavaşlatılmış ve kendisinin bizzat gelmesiyle de durdurulmuştur. Muvaffak'ın el-Menia şehrini ele geçirmesiyle Zencîler saldırı ve hücum durumundan çıkıp savunma durumuna geçmişlerdir. Bunun ardından el-Mansura'nın düşmesiyle de Zencîlerin hücum ümitleri temelli kırılmıştır. Bu nedenle de Ahvaz'ı boşaltmışlardır. Muvaffak askeri tedbirler yanında ekonomik ambargo, aman verme ve el- Muvaffakiyye şehrini kurması gibi tedbirleri de alarak üç sene zarfında büyük çatışmalar neticesinde Zencîlerin büyük ve son kalesi el-Muhtare'yi ele geçirmiştir. Bunun neticesinde Lülü'ün askerleri tarafından 270/ 883 tarihinde liderleri Ali b. Muhammed'in öldürülmesiyle Zencîlerin bu hareketine son verilmiştir.
NEGRO MOVEMENT DURING TIME OF ABBASIDS (255-270/ 869-883) The Negroes are the slaves who were brought from the East Africa coast to Islam countries in order to be worked especially to clean the salty layer in Iraq's Basra swamps and make it suitable for agriculture and uprose against the administration Abbasids and land owners under the leadership of Ali b. Muhammed claiming to be the descendant of Hz Ali, since they were not happy with their lives. Only Negroes had not participated this movement but also people from different ethnic origins participated. The people from different ethnic origins such as Karmati, Furati, Nubeli, Bedouin Arabs, Berbers took part in this movement. While serving as Hodja in Semerra, Ali b. Muhammed moved to Bahrain in 249/ 863 after death of Muntasır, he could not stay in Necdeyn, Hecer, Ahsa and Badiye and moved to Basra in 254/ 868 and than to Baghdad soon after this. While secretly carrying out his activities in Baghdad he moved Basra and stayed near there when he was informed that Basra was meddled, the governor was removed from his duty, the prisoners were freed and that his family and children were among them. He obtained the idea of include the Negroes which he had never thought about. He took them with him thanks to allure promises. They first attacked to Basra and cut the external connections of this place and than seized Übülle, Abbadan and Ahvaz within one year, than they affirmed their presence and rule after seizing Basra. They moved further to Vasıt, Numaniye and Cercera and extended their field of sovereignty. The progress of Negroes slowed down when Ebü'l Abbas, son of Muvaffak came to Vasıt region and it was stopped when he personally came. The Negroes ceased their attack position and turned to defense when Muvaffak seized el-Menia city. After this, attack hopes of Negroes fundamentally broken when el-Mansura fell. Therefore, they emptied Ahvaz. Muvaffak took measures such as economic embargo, not giving any respite and founding the city of el-Muvaffakiyye together with military measures, and seized el-Muhtariye, the big and last castle of Negroes after big clashed within three years. As a result of this, the movement of Negroes ended when their leader Ali b. Muhammed was killed by the soldiers of Lülü in 270/ 883.
NEGRO MOVEMENT DURING TIME OF ABBASIDS (255-270/ 869-883) The Negroes are the slaves who were brought from the East Africa coast to Islam countries in order to be worked especially to clean the salty layer in Iraq's Basra swamps and make it suitable for agriculture and uprose against the administration Abbasids and land owners under the leadership of Ali b. Muhammed claiming to be the descendant of Hz Ali, since they were not happy with their lives. Only Negroes had not participated this movement but also people from different ethnic origins participated. The people from different ethnic origins such as Karmati, Furati, Nubeli, Bedouin Arabs, Berbers took part in this movement. While serving as Hodja in Semerra, Ali b. Muhammed moved to Bahrain in 249/ 863 after death of Muntasır, he could not stay in Necdeyn, Hecer, Ahsa and Badiye and moved to Basra in 254/ 868 and than to Baghdad soon after this. While secretly carrying out his activities in Baghdad he moved Basra and stayed near there when he was informed that Basra was meddled, the governor was removed from his duty, the prisoners were freed and that his family and children were among them. He obtained the idea of include the Negroes which he had never thought about. He took them with him thanks to allure promises. They first attacked to Basra and cut the external connections of this place and than seized Übülle, Abbadan and Ahvaz within one year, than they affirmed their presence and rule after seizing Basra. They moved further to Vasıt, Numaniye and Cercera and extended their field of sovereignty. The progress of Negroes slowed down when Ebü'l Abbas, son of Muvaffak came to Vasıt region and it was stopped when he personally came. The Negroes ceased their attack position and turned to defense when Muvaffak seized el-Menia city. After this, attack hopes of Negroes fundamentally broken when el-Mansura fell. Therefore, they emptied Ahvaz. Muvaffak took measures such as economic embargo, not giving any respite and founding the city of el-Muvaffakiyye together with military measures, and seized el-Muhtariye, the big and last castle of Negroes after big clashed within three years. As a result of this, the movement of Negroes ended when their leader Ali b. Muhammed was killed by the soldiers of Lülü in 270/ 883.