Publication: Belgeli akreditiflerde akreditif bankasının hukuki durumu
Abstract
BELGELİ AKREDİTİFLERDE AKREDİTİF BANKASININ HUKUKİ DURUMU TEZ ÖZETİ Akreditif işlemi günümüzde uluslararası ticaret uygulamasında bir ödeme aracı olarak önemli bir ihtiyaca cevap vermektedir. Uluslararası nitelik taşıyan satım sözleşmelerinde tarafların farklı ülkelerde olmaları ve buna bağlı olarak aynı anda ve karşılıklı ifanın sağlanamaması taraflar açısından çeşitli riskleri de beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Akreditif işlemi bu riskleri en aza indirgemesi ve nispeten güvenli ve hızlı olması itibarıyla bugün uluslararası ticaret uygulamasında sıklıkla başvurulan bir ödeme mekanizması haline gelmiştir. Akreditif işlemi pek çok hukuk düzeninde olduğu gibi Türk-İsviçre hukukunda da bir yasa ile düzenlenmemiştir. Akreditif işlemi ile ilgili en çok tartışılan konuların başında hiç şüphesiz ki işlemin hukuki niteliğinin ne olduğu konusu yer almaktadır. Doktrinde akreditif işleminin hukuki niteliğinin açıklanmasında bazı görüşler tek bir hukuki kavramdan yola çıkarak işlemi açıklamaya çalışmışlar, bazı görüşler ise işlemin kompleks yapısı gereği işlemde yer alan her bir ilişkinin ayrı ayrı ele alınıp incelenmesi gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu görüşlerden İsviçre-Türk doktrininde de baskın görüş olan havale görüşünün, işelmi bütünlüğü içinde ele alıp değerlendirmesi bakımından yerinde olduğu kanaatindeyiz. Akreditif ilişkisinde temel ilişkide yer alan akreditif klozu hareket noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu kloz uyarınca akreditif amiri akreditif bankasına belirli bir lehdar adına muayyen bir bedeli içeren bir akreditif açması konusunda talimat vermekte ve akreditif bankası da bizzat veya bir muhabir banka aracılığı ile lehdara lehine bir akreditif açıldığını bildirmektedir. Akreditif işlemi belge üzerinden yürütülen bir işlemdir, dolayısıyla akreditif işleminde belgelerin amaca ve işlemin niteliğine uygun olarak tespiti büyük önemi haizdir. Bankanın lehdar tarafından ibraz edilen belgeleri kabul edebilmesi için bu belgelerin dış görünüşleri itibarıyla akreditif şartlarına uygun olması ve kendi içlerinde çelişkili olmaması gereklidir. Bankalar bu belgeleri dış görünüşleri itibarıyla, akreditif şartlarına sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalarak ve makul bir özenle inceleyeceklerdir. Akreditif bankasının lehdara karşı ödeme yükümlülüğü ise akreditifin bildirimi ile doğacaktır. Lehdarın bankadan ödeme talebinde bulunabilmesi akreditif şartlarına uygun belgelerin lehdar tarafından süresi içinde bankaya ibraz edilmiş olmasına bağlıdır. Akreditif işlemi tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de dış ticaretin gelişmesine paralel olarak gelişme göstermekte ve özellikle bankacılar tarafından gerçekleştirilen bir işlem olması itibarıyla çoğunlukla Yeknesak Kurallara göre yürütülmektedir. LEGAL STATUS OF CREDIT BANK UPON DOCUMENTED LETTERS OF CREDIT
OF THESIS Recently, the transaction of letter of credit meets a significant demand as a payment means in international trade applications. The fact that the parties are in different countries and the mutual and simultaneous execution cannot be performed in sale contracts of international quality brings forward various risks in respect of the parties. Nowadays, the transaction with letters of credit has become a payment mechanism frequently applied in international trade applications due to the fact that it minimises the risks incurred and it is relatively secure and swift. As in several law orders, the transaction of letters of credit has not been arranged with legislation within the Turkish- Swiss law. Of no doubt, the principal issue among the most disputed subjects related with the letters of credit is the legal characteristics of the concerned transaction. In the expressions within the doctrine upon the legal characteristics of the transaction of letter of credit, some opinions have tried to describe the transaction upon a single legal concept while some others have alleged that each relation within the transaction shall individually be examined due to the complex structure of the transaction. We are convinced that the opinion of money orders, the dominant opinion within the Swiss-Turkish doctrine is appropriate in respect of the evaluation of the transaction within its integrity. The clause of letter of credit included within the basal relation for the credit relations constitute the main point. As per this clause, the superior of letter of credit instructs the credit bank upon the opening of a credit with a determined amount in the name of the beneficiary. Additionally, the bank of credit notifies the beneficiary upon the opening of a letter of credit in his name individually or by means of a correspondent bank. The transaction of letter of credit is an operation carried out through documents, therefore it is of great significance that the documents shall be determined to be in conformity with the purpose and quality of the transaction of letter of credit. For the bank acceptance of the documents presented by the beneficiary, it is required that these documents shall be in conformity with the conditions of letter of credit in respect of their physical appearance and they shall not be contradictory among themselves. The Banks shall inspect these documents with scrutiny in conformity with the conditions of letter of credit. The liability of the bank upon the payment to the beneficiary shall arise from the notification of the letter of credit. The demand for payment appealed to the Bank by the beneficiary depends on the presentation of the documents up to the conditions of the letter of credit to the Bank by the beneficiary within the term period. As all over the world, the transaction of letter of credit has developed in our country in parallel to the development of foreign trade. Furthermore, this transaction has often been performed in accordance with the Uniform Rules due to the fact that it is an operation particularly carried out by the Banks.
OF THESIS Recently, the transaction of letter of credit meets a significant demand as a payment means in international trade applications. The fact that the parties are in different countries and the mutual and simultaneous execution cannot be performed in sale contracts of international quality brings forward various risks in respect of the parties. Nowadays, the transaction with letters of credit has become a payment mechanism frequently applied in international trade applications due to the fact that it minimises the risks incurred and it is relatively secure and swift. As in several law orders, the transaction of letters of credit has not been arranged with legislation within the Turkish- Swiss law. Of no doubt, the principal issue among the most disputed subjects related with the letters of credit is the legal characteristics of the concerned transaction. In the expressions within the doctrine upon the legal characteristics of the transaction of letter of credit, some opinions have tried to describe the transaction upon a single legal concept while some others have alleged that each relation within the transaction shall individually be examined due to the complex structure of the transaction. We are convinced that the opinion of money orders, the dominant opinion within the Swiss-Turkish doctrine is appropriate in respect of the evaluation of the transaction within its integrity. The clause of letter of credit included within the basal relation for the credit relations constitute the main point. As per this clause, the superior of letter of credit instructs the credit bank upon the opening of a credit with a determined amount in the name of the beneficiary. Additionally, the bank of credit notifies the beneficiary upon the opening of a letter of credit in his name individually or by means of a correspondent bank. The transaction of letter of credit is an operation carried out through documents, therefore it is of great significance that the documents shall be determined to be in conformity with the purpose and quality of the transaction of letter of credit. For the bank acceptance of the documents presented by the beneficiary, it is required that these documents shall be in conformity with the conditions of letter of credit in respect of their physical appearance and they shall not be contradictory among themselves. The Banks shall inspect these documents with scrutiny in conformity with the conditions of letter of credit. The liability of the bank upon the payment to the beneficiary shall arise from the notification of the letter of credit. The demand for payment appealed to the Bank by the beneficiary depends on the presentation of the documents up to the conditions of the letter of credit to the Bank by the beneficiary within the term period. As all over the world, the transaction of letter of credit has developed in our country in parallel to the development of foreign trade. Furthermore, this transaction has often been performed in accordance with the Uniform Rules due to the fact that it is an operation particularly carried out by the Banks.