Publication: Temettüat kayıtlarına göre 19. yüzyılın ortalarında Niş kazasında nüfus, yerleşim ve ekonomi
Abstract
Merkezi iktidarı sağlamlaştırmak ve pratik gayelerle iktisadi-idari ve askerisistemi modernleştirmek maksadıyla 1839 yılında Tanzimat Fermanı ilan edilmiştir.Tanzimat’ın ilanından sonra 1844-1845 senelerinde iktisadi ve siyasi nedenlerden dolayıyapılan sayımlar temettüat defterleri adı altında kaydedilmişlerdir. Temettüat defterleri19. yüzyıl Osmanlı sosyal ve iktisat tarihi için çok ehemmiyetli kaynaklardan biridir. Budefterlerde hane reislerinin dini durumları, senelik ödedikleri vergi türleri, elde ettiklerigelir çeşitleri, hayvan ve mal varlıkları gibi ayrıntılı bilgiler yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmadaBalkan coğrafyasında yer alan Niş kazasının sosyal ve iktisadi yapısı temettüat kayıtlarıçerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bölge halkının nüfusu, dini yapısı ve bölgenin yerleşimözellikleri gibi sosyal konular incelenirken, yerleşim birimleri bazında ve toplam olaraksenelik vergi yükü, vergi bileşenleri, elde edilen gelir, gelir türleri, vergilerin gelirlereoranları, gelir dağılımı, tarımsal faaliyetlere ait detaylı bilgiler, ürün çeşitleri, arazibüyüklükleri, kazada icra edilen meslekler, kiraya verilmiş ve sahibi tarafından işletilenmülk ve arazilerin gelirleri gibi kazanın ekonomik yapısı üzerinde de durulmuştur.
The Recript of Gülhane was proclaimed in 1839 in order to consolidate centralpower and modernize the economic-administrative and military system for practicalpurposes. After the declaration of the recript, the censuses made for economic andpolitical reasons in 1844-1845 were written down as temettuat registers. Temettuatregisters are one of the most important sources for 19th century Ottoman social andeconomic history. These registers contain detailed information such as the religious statusof the household heads, the types of taxes they pay annually, the types of income theyreceive, and the animal and property assets. In this study, the social and economicstructure of Nish district in the Balkan region is examined within the framework oftemettuat registers. While examining social issues such as population, religious structureand settlement characteristics of the region, the annual tax burden on the basis ofsettlement units in total, tax components, income obtained, types of income, tax burden,income distribution, detailed information on agricultural activities, product types, landsizes, occupations performed in district, incomes of the properties and lands rented andoperated by owner as well as the economic structure of the district have been emphasized.
The Recript of Gülhane was proclaimed in 1839 in order to consolidate centralpower and modernize the economic-administrative and military system for practicalpurposes. After the declaration of the recript, the censuses made for economic andpolitical reasons in 1844-1845 were written down as temettuat registers. Temettuatregisters are one of the most important sources for 19th century Ottoman social andeconomic history. These registers contain detailed information such as the religious statusof the household heads, the types of taxes they pay annually, the types of income theyreceive, and the animal and property assets. In this study, the social and economicstructure of Nish district in the Balkan region is examined within the framework oftemettuat registers. While examining social issues such as population, religious structureand settlement characteristics of the region, the annual tax burden on the basis ofsettlement units in total, tax components, income obtained, types of income, tax burden,income distribution, detailed information on agricultural activities, product types, landsizes, occupations performed in district, incomes of the properties and lands rented andoperated by owner as well as the economic structure of the district have been emphasized.