Publication: Romanya'da tarım ve hayvancılık
Abstract
Romanya, gelişmekte olan bir Doğu Avrupa ülkesidir. Orta kuşakta yer alan ve ılıman bir iklime sahip olan ülkede birçok tarımsal ürün yetiştirilebilmektedir. Romanya, tatlı su kaynakları bakımından oldukça yeterli durumda olmakla beraber, çeşitli ürünlerin yetiştirilmesine ortam sağlayan verimli toprakları ve uygun iklim özellikleri ile yüksek bir tarımsal potansiyel taşımaktadır. Tuna Vadisi ve Karadeniz’e yakın geniş düzlüklerde başta mısır, buğday ve ayçiçeği olmak üzere tahıllar, sanayi bitkileri, sebze ve meyve üretimi yapılmaktadır. Karpat Dağları ve Transilvanya Alpleri’nin yayılış gösterdiği ülkenin yüksek sahalarında ise ormancılık ve hayvancılık yapılmaktadır.Ülkedeki tarımsal faaliyetlerde yer alan iş gücü oranı diğer birçok Avrupa ülkesine göre yüksek olmakla beraber, tarımda makineleşme ve sulama sistemleri gibi entansif yöntemler sınırlı düzeydedir. 1989 yılında yaşanan rejim değişikliği ile birlikte Romanya’nın tarım toprakları halka pay edilmiş ve tarım arazileri parçalı hale gelerek küçülmüştür. Günümüzde, Romanya tarımında ölçek sorunu bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, çok uluslu ve büyük sermaye sahibi şirketler ülkede geniş arazilerde tarımsal faaliyetler yürütmekte ve küçük ölçekli çiftlikler, bu şirketler ile rekabet etmekte zorlanmaktadır.Romanya’da yetiştirilen en önemli bitkisel tarım ürünleri mısır, buğday, ayçiçeği olarak sıralanmaktadır. Bunların haricinde, üzüm, erik ve elma meyveleri oldukça yüksek miktarlarda yetiştirilmektedir. Ülkedeki hayvancılık faaliyetleri içerisinde en çok yetiştirilen türler ise küçükbaş hayvanlar ve kümes hayvanlarıdır. Romanya’nın en önemli tarımsal ihracat ürünleri buğday, mısır ve ayçiçeğidir.Bu çalışma içerisinde, Romanya’nın genel fiziki ve beşeri özelliklerinden bahsedilmiş, bu özelliklerin ülkenin tarım sektörüne etkileri açıklanmış, akabinde ülke tarımının genel yapısı incelenmiş ve tarımsal ürünlerin üretim miktarları verilmiştir. Romanya’nın zirai potansiyeli ve karşılaştığı sorunlar nedenleri ile birlikte açıklanmış, çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.
Romania is a developing Eastern European country. Many agricultural products can be grown in the country, which is located in the middle belt and has a temperate climate. Although Romania is quite adequate in terms of fresh water resources, it has a high agricultural potential with its fertile soils and suitable climate characteristics that provide an environment for the cultivation of various products. On the wide plains near the Danube Valley and the Black Sea, cereals, industrial plants, vegetables and fruits are produced, especially corn, wheat and sunflower. Forestry and animal husbandry are carried out in the high areas of the country where the Carpathian Mountains and Transylvanian Alps spread.Furthermore, the rate of labor involved in agricultural activities in the country is high compared to many other European countries, intensive methods such as mechanization and irrigation systems in agriculture are limited. With the regime change in 1989, Romania's agricultural lands were shared with the public and agricultural lands became fragmented and shrank. Today, there is a land scale problem in Romanian agriculture. However, multinational and high-capital companies carry out agricultural activities on large lands in the country and small-scale farms have difficulty in competing with these companies.The most important agricultural crop products grown in Romania are listed as corn, wheat and sunflower. Apart from these, grape, plum and apple fruits are grown in very high quantities. Among the livestock activities in the country, the most commonly farmed animal species are ovine and poultry.In this study, the general physical and human geography characteristics of Romania were mentioned, the effects of these features on the country's agricultural sector were explained, then the general structure of the country's agriculture was examined and the production amount of agricultural products were given. The situation of Romania in agriculture and the problems faced were explained together with their reasons and solutions were offered.
Romania is a developing Eastern European country. Many agricultural products can be grown in the country, which is located in the middle belt and has a temperate climate. Although Romania is quite adequate in terms of fresh water resources, it has a high agricultural potential with its fertile soils and suitable climate characteristics that provide an environment for the cultivation of various products. On the wide plains near the Danube Valley and the Black Sea, cereals, industrial plants, vegetables and fruits are produced, especially corn, wheat and sunflower. Forestry and animal husbandry are carried out in the high areas of the country where the Carpathian Mountains and Transylvanian Alps spread.Furthermore, the rate of labor involved in agricultural activities in the country is high compared to many other European countries, intensive methods such as mechanization and irrigation systems in agriculture are limited. With the regime change in 1989, Romania's agricultural lands were shared with the public and agricultural lands became fragmented and shrank. Today, there is a land scale problem in Romanian agriculture. However, multinational and high-capital companies carry out agricultural activities on large lands in the country and small-scale farms have difficulty in competing with these companies.The most important agricultural crop products grown in Romania are listed as corn, wheat and sunflower. Apart from these, grape, plum and apple fruits are grown in very high quantities. Among the livestock activities in the country, the most commonly farmed animal species are ovine and poultry.In this study, the general physical and human geography characteristics of Romania were mentioned, the effects of these features on the country's agricultural sector were explained, then the general structure of the country's agriculture was examined and the production amount of agricultural products were given. The situation of Romania in agriculture and the problems faced were explained together with their reasons and solutions were offered.