Publication: Küreselleşmenin Türkiye’de kadın işgücü istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada küreselleşme sürecinde, gelişmiş ülkelerde daha çok hizmet sektöründe, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ihracata yönelik emek yoğun üretim yapılan sektörlerde görülen ve literatürde “işgücünün feminizasyonu” olarak adlandırılan durumun Türkiye’de de gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediği araştırılmıştır. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, kırsal alanda tarımdan çekilmenin ve makineleşmenin neden olduğu kadın istihdamı azalışının, kentsel alanda sanayi ve hizmetler sektörlerindeki kadın istihdamı artışıyla telafi edilemediği ve dolayısıyla dünyadaki akıma ters bir şekilde kadın istihdamının düşük kaldığı görülmüştür. Kadın istihdamının düşük olmasında formel alanda yeterince istihdam yaratılamaması, enformel alanda çalışan kadınların ise görünmez işçiler olması gibi ekonomik etmenlerin yanı sıra, kadınların eğitim seviyelerinin halen düşük olması ve Türkiye’deki ataerkil yapının kadının konumunu her alanda ikincilleştirmesi gibi sosyal ve kültürel faktörler de etkili olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışmada kadın-erkek eşitliğine ve kadın istihdamın çalışma koşullarına yönelik Yeni İş Yasası hükümleri ve çeşitli sözleşmeler incelenmiş ve bu konularda ilerleme sağlandığı ancak özellikle ev ve çocuk bakımı gibi konularda sorumluluğun hâlâ sadece kadına yüklendiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra devletin kadın istihdamını arttırma politikalarının yeterince eşitlikçi, kapsamlı ve katılımı arttırıcı adımlar olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Kadın istihdamı, küreselleşme, işgücünün feminizasyonu.
In this study, it is researched that whether the situation, which is termed as “feminization of the labor force” in literature and seen more in service industry in develop countries and more in industries in which labor-intensive manufacturing for export made in developing countries, occurs in Turkey during globalization process. In consequence of the conducted research, women employment decrease which is resulted from withdrawing from agriculture in rural area and agricultural mechanization, could not be compensated with women employment increase in industry and service sector in urban area and accordingly it is seen that women employment remains lower oppositely to movement in the world. Economic factors such as could not create sufficient employment in formal field and workingwomen are invisible workers in informal field and additionally, social factors such as educational level of women which is still low and position of woman is made secondary in every field by patriarchal structure of Turkey are all effective in the decrease of women employment. Moreover, provisions of New Labor Act intended to equality of women and men and working conditions of women employment and various agreements are examined in this research and it is seen that progress in those issues is made but the burden of household chores and childcare is laid only on women’s shoulders. Besides, it is inferred that women employment increasing policies of government are not increasing steps which are not equitable, extensive and participating enough. Women employment, globalization, feminization of the labor force.
In this study, it is researched that whether the situation, which is termed as “feminization of the labor force” in literature and seen more in service industry in develop countries and more in industries in which labor-intensive manufacturing for export made in developing countries, occurs in Turkey during globalization process. In consequence of the conducted research, women employment decrease which is resulted from withdrawing from agriculture in rural area and agricultural mechanization, could not be compensated with women employment increase in industry and service sector in urban area and accordingly it is seen that women employment remains lower oppositely to movement in the world. Economic factors such as could not create sufficient employment in formal field and workingwomen are invisible workers in informal field and additionally, social factors such as educational level of women which is still low and position of woman is made secondary in every field by patriarchal structure of Turkey are all effective in the decrease of women employment. Moreover, provisions of New Labor Act intended to equality of women and men and working conditions of women employment and various agreements are examined in this research and it is seen that progress in those issues is made but the burden of household chores and childcare is laid only on women’s shoulders. Besides, it is inferred that women employment increasing policies of government are not increasing steps which are not equitable, extensive and participating enough. Women employment, globalization, feminization of the labor force.