Publication: İstanbul Halk Evleri’nin faaliyetleri: (1946-1951)
Abstract
1930' lu yılların ekonomik ve toplumsal koşullarının yarattığı gereksinimler Cumhuriyet' in kuruluşundan o güne değin yokluğu duyulan yeni bir örgütlenme olayını gündeme getirdi. Hem ekonomik sarsıntının ülke çapında yarattığı büyük tartışmaları önleyici yeni bir heyecanı başlatmak ve devlet ile halk arasındaki kopukluğu gidermek hem de Atatürk İlke ve Înkılâplarını halka benimsetmek amacıyla 19 Şubat 1932' de Halkevleri kuruldu. Mustafa Kemal' in bir zamanlar içtenlikle savunduğu Türk Ocakları içinde Pan-Türkist akımın iyice egemen olması ve 1923 de kurulmuş olan Kemalist Cumhuriyet rejiminin; kırsal kesimde daha halen iktidar olamaması ve bu görevle görevlendirilen Türk Ocaklarının bu görevini yerine getirememesi gibi nedenlerle halkevleri olgusu ortaya çıkmıştır. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisinin bir yan kuruluşu haline dönüşen Halkevleri; Dil, Edebiyat ve Tarih; Güzel Sanatlar; Temsil; Spor; Sosyal Yardım; Halk Dershaneleri ve kurslar; Kütüphane ve Yayın; Müzeler ve Köycülük şubesi olmak üzere 9 şube ve bu şubelere bağlı birçok kol ile faaliyet göstermiştir. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, geniş halk kitlelerine ulaşmak amacıyla 1940 yılında Halkodalarını açmıştır. Böylece kentsel alanlarda Halkevleri ve kırsal kesimlerde ise Halkodaları adları altında örgütlenen bu kuruluşların Türkiye' nin her tarafına yayıldığı görülmektedir. 1946 dan sonra çok partili demokratik hayata geçilmesi ile beraber ülkede çok şey değişirken bu arada Halkevlerinin de kaderi değişmeye başladı. Halkevlerinin çalışmalarında bir yavaşlama görülürken Cumhuriyet Halk Partisinin bir yan kuruluşu gibi çalışan bu kurumlara karşıt partilerce devlet bütçesinden ödenek ayrılması istenmediğinden baş gösteren parasızlık da önemli bir sorun olarak bu kurumların sonunu hazırladı. Demokrat Parti tarafından hazırlanan yasa önergesi T.B.M.M. tarafından kabul edilmiş ve 11 Ağustos 1951 günü yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu 5830 sayılı yasa gereğince de Halkevleri faaliyetlerini durdurmak zorunda kalmıştır. Tezimiz 1946 - 1951 yılları arasında İstanbul da faaliyet göstermiş Halkevlerinin çalışmalarını kapsamaktadır. Bu dönem içerisinde İstanbul'da 17 Halkevi bulunmaktadır. İstanbul Halkevinin faaliyetine 1935 yılında son verilmesinden sonra yerine; Eminönü, Şehremini, Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Kadıköy, Üsküdar ve Şişli Halkevleri açılmıştır. Bunları 1938 yılında Fatih, Bakırköy ve Eyüp Halkevleri; 1939 yılında Şile; 1940 yılında Sarıyer Halkevlerinin açılması izlemiştir. 1945 yılında Kartal, Yalova ve Yeşilköy; 1946 yılında da Çatalca ve Beykoz Halkodalarının Halkevlerine dönüştürülmesi ile sayıları 17.'yi bulmuştur. Tezimizde, İstanbul da bulunan 17 Halkevinin 9 şubesinin 1946-1951 yılları arasındaki faaliyetleri toplu bir şekilde incelenirken, ayrıca Halkevlerinin 5830 sayılı yasa ile kapatılma süreci de incelememize konu olmuştur..
Requirements created by the economic and social conditions of 1930s have placed a new case of being organized on the agenda since the proclamation of the Republic. In 19 February 1932, Public houses were established both to initiate a new enthusiasm to prevent the nation wide debates created by economic shock and to get the community to accept Ataturk's Principles and Revolutions. Turkish Janissary Corps were founded in 1923 with Mustafa Kemal's intimate supports. But because of the dominance of pan-turkizm movements in the Turkish. Janissary Corps and their deficiency in making Kemalist Republican Regime powerful in rural areas, the notion of Public houses has emerged. As a subsidary of Republican Public Party, People's houses displayed activity in nine divisions and various branches connected with these divisions. Divisions that Public houses displayed activity are Language, Literature and History, Fine Arts, Sports, Social Aid, ommunity Courses, Library, Museum, and Peasantism. Republican Public Party (CHP) established Public houses for the purpose of reaching a large public mass. In this way, it is seen that the establishments, which were organized under the names of public houses in urban areas and public rooms in rural areas, have become prevail all across Turkey. Like many other things, the fate of public houses has started to change with the transition to democratic multipary system after 1946. While there have seen a slowdown in the oparations of public houses, parties which were against public houses did not want these establishments to have a portion trom the government budget. As a result, impecuniosity became another reason that prepared the and of public houses. In 1951, Democratic Party took the government with the majority of the votes and proposed a law act that demanded the turnower of properties of people's houses and people's chamders, which were under the possession of CHP, to treasury or their previous owners. The law act was accepted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and public houses were forced to stop their activities with the act number 5830 which became affective on 8 August 1951. Our srudy comprises the operations of public houses which have displayed activities in İstanbul between the years 1946 and 1951. In that period there were 17 public houses in İstanbul. Public house of İstanbul was closed but it replaced with public houses in EMINONU, SEHREMINI, BEYOĞLU, BESIKTAS, KADIKOY, USKUDAR and SISLI. These were followed by opening of houses in FATIH, BAKIRKOY and EYUP in 1938, SILE in 1939 and SARIYER in 1940. The number of public houses has reached 17 after the transformation of public rooms into public houses in KARTAL, YALOVA and YESILKOY in 1945, CATALCA and BEYKOZ in 1946. This thesis analyzes the operations of 9 out of 17 public houses in İstanbul between the years 1946 and 1951. In addition, public houses closing process with the act number 5830 is also included in our research.
Requirements created by the economic and social conditions of 1930s have placed a new case of being organized on the agenda since the proclamation of the Republic. In 19 February 1932, Public houses were established both to initiate a new enthusiasm to prevent the nation wide debates created by economic shock and to get the community to accept Ataturk's Principles and Revolutions. Turkish Janissary Corps were founded in 1923 with Mustafa Kemal's intimate supports. But because of the dominance of pan-turkizm movements in the Turkish. Janissary Corps and their deficiency in making Kemalist Republican Regime powerful in rural areas, the notion of Public houses has emerged. As a subsidary of Republican Public Party, People's houses displayed activity in nine divisions and various branches connected with these divisions. Divisions that Public houses displayed activity are Language, Literature and History, Fine Arts, Sports, Social Aid, ommunity Courses, Library, Museum, and Peasantism. Republican Public Party (CHP) established Public houses for the purpose of reaching a large public mass. In this way, it is seen that the establishments, which were organized under the names of public houses in urban areas and public rooms in rural areas, have become prevail all across Turkey. Like many other things, the fate of public houses has started to change with the transition to democratic multipary system after 1946. While there have seen a slowdown in the oparations of public houses, parties which were against public houses did not want these establishments to have a portion trom the government budget. As a result, impecuniosity became another reason that prepared the and of public houses. In 1951, Democratic Party took the government with the majority of the votes and proposed a law act that demanded the turnower of properties of people's houses and people's chamders, which were under the possession of CHP, to treasury or their previous owners. The law act was accepted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and public houses were forced to stop their activities with the act number 5830 which became affective on 8 August 1951. Our srudy comprises the operations of public houses which have displayed activities in İstanbul between the years 1946 and 1951. In that period there were 17 public houses in İstanbul. Public house of İstanbul was closed but it replaced with public houses in EMINONU, SEHREMINI, BEYOĞLU, BESIKTAS, KADIKOY, USKUDAR and SISLI. These were followed by opening of houses in FATIH, BAKIRKOY and EYUP in 1938, SILE in 1939 and SARIYER in 1940. The number of public houses has reached 17 after the transformation of public rooms into public houses in KARTAL, YALOVA and YESILKOY in 1945, CATALCA and BEYKOZ in 1946. This thesis analyzes the operations of 9 out of 17 public houses in İstanbul between the years 1946 and 1951. In addition, public houses closing process with the act number 5830 is also included in our research.