Publication: II. Abdülhamid döneminde Kudüs’te kilise imar ve inşa faaliyetleri
Abstract
Osmanlı Devleti çok sayıda farklı din ve milletten insanı bünyesinde barındıran büyük bir imparatorluktu. Bu imparatorluğun geniş coğrafyası içinde yer alan Kudüs, tarih boyunca üç semavi dinin müminleri tarafından büyük önem atfedilen kutsal bir şehir olmuştur. Bu bakımdan Kudüs’te farklı din ve mezheplerden insanlar yaşamaktaydı ve her yıl çok sayıda hacı Kudüs’ü ziyaret etmekteydi. Kudüs, Hz. İsa’nın doğup büyüdüğü, dinini yaydığı şehir olması bakımından Hıristiyanlar için ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Şehirde yer alan Hıristiyanların ilk mabedleri ve çok sayıdaki kutsal mekân, Hıristiyanların gözünde Kudüs’ü daha da değerli kılmaktadır. Ancak Kudüs’te yaşayan Hıristiyanlar, çok farklı mezheplere ayrılmışlardı. Bu yüzden aralarındaki farklılıklar sık sık kavga etmelerine sebep olmaktaydı. Özellikle kutsal yerlerdeki tamirat ve hâkimiyet hakkı büyük kavgalara sebep olabilmekteydi. Özellikle 19.yy.ın ortalarından itibaren, Kudüs’teki Hıristiyanların bu kavgalarına ve yaşantılarına Avrupalı Hıristiyan devletler de müdahil olmuşlarıdır. Hıristiyanların haklarını korumak bahanesiyle; her fırsatta Osmanlı Devleti’nin içişlerine müdahale etmeye, Kudüs’te ve Ortadoğu’da etkili olmaya çalışmışlardır. Avrupalı devletlerin bu müdahaledeki en önemli aracı, Kudüs’teki kutsal binaların inşası ve tamiri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; Hıristiyan cemaatler arasındaki kavgalar, bu kavgalarda Osmanlı yöneticilerinin üstlendiği arabuluculuk rolü, Avrupalı güçlü devletlerin müdahale çabalarının bir parçası olarak dinî imar faaliyetleri ve bu faaliyetler karşısında Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in nasıl bir tavır sergilediği üzerinde durulacak. Ayrıca imar faaliyetlerinden hareketle, siyasal mücadeleler ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşü izlenmeye çalışılacak.
Ottoman state was a big empire which sheltered a lot of different religion and nation in its structure. Jerusalem, which placed in wide geography of this empire, had become a holy city which has been ascribed big importance by the three celestial religion believers throughout the history. In this respect, in Jerusalem people who had different religion and cult had been living together and numerous pilgrim had been visiting Jerusalem every year. Jarusalem has a different importance for Christians because of being the place where Jesus was born, grew and spred his religion. The first temples of Christians and a lot of holy places, which place in the city, make the Jerusalem more valuable in the eyes of Christians. But Christians who lived in Jerusalem had parted very different cults. That’s why, the differences between them often caused them to fight. Especially the right of repair and domination of holy places had caused big fights. Especially from the middle of the nineteenth century on, European Christian States had interfered the fights and lives of Christians in Jerusalem. On the pretext of protecting the rights of Christians, in every opportunity they tried to interfere in the internal affairs of Ottoman State, and tried to become effective in the Middle East and Jerusalem. In this interference the most important tool of European States was construction and repair of holy buildings in Jerusalem. In this study, it is emphasized the fights between Christian communities, in this fights the mediation roles of Ottoman governors, religious development activities which being a part of the interference efforts of powerful European States and how attitude II. Abdülhamid showed towards those activitie. Furthermore by looking development activities, it is tried to watch the political fights and the decline of Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman state was a big empire which sheltered a lot of different religion and nation in its structure. Jerusalem, which placed in wide geography of this empire, had become a holy city which has been ascribed big importance by the three celestial religion believers throughout the history. In this respect, in Jerusalem people who had different religion and cult had been living together and numerous pilgrim had been visiting Jerusalem every year. Jarusalem has a different importance for Christians because of being the place where Jesus was born, grew and spred his religion. The first temples of Christians and a lot of holy places, which place in the city, make the Jerusalem more valuable in the eyes of Christians. But Christians who lived in Jerusalem had parted very different cults. That’s why, the differences between them often caused them to fight. Especially the right of repair and domination of holy places had caused big fights. Especially from the middle of the nineteenth century on, European Christian States had interfered the fights and lives of Christians in Jerusalem. On the pretext of protecting the rights of Christians, in every opportunity they tried to interfere in the internal affairs of Ottoman State, and tried to become effective in the Middle East and Jerusalem. In this interference the most important tool of European States was construction and repair of holy buildings in Jerusalem. In this study, it is emphasized the fights between Christian communities, in this fights the mediation roles of Ottoman governors, religious development activities which being a part of the interference efforts of powerful European States and how attitude II. Abdülhamid showed towards those activitie. Furthermore by looking development activities, it is tried to watch the political fights and the decline of Ottoman Empire.