Publication: Uluslararası suçlar
Abstract
Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin kurulmasıyla, uluslararası ceza hukukuna ve bu bağlamda uluslararası suçlara olan akademik ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Uluslararası ceza hukuku, tarihsel gelişim çizgisi içerisinde öncelikle silahlı çatışmalar sırasında uygulanacak kurallardan doğmuşsa da, asıl büyük gelişmeyi II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında gerçekleşen Nürnberg yargılamalarıyla sağlamıştır. Bireysel cezai sorumluluğun hayata geçtiği bu yargılamalardan sonra bu konu tekrardan, 1990'lı yıllarda Eski Yugoslavya ve Ruanda'da Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından kurulan mahkemeler ile uluslararası toplumun gündemine gelmiştir. Söz konusu mahkemeler, uluslararası suçları uygulayarak faillere çeşitli cezalar vermiş mahkemelerin içtihatları uluslararası suçların unsurlarını ortaya koymuşur. Yine bu mahkemelerin uygulamalarıya kalıcı bir mahkemenin kurulmasının zemini oluşturmuş ve Roma Statüsü'nün kabul edilmesiyle beraber Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi de kurulmuştur. Çalışma içerisinde Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin kurucu belgesi olan Roma Statüsü'nde düzenlenmiş dört temel suç incelenmiştir. Bu suçlar, soykırım suçu, insanlığa karşı suçlar, savaş suçları ve saldırı suçudur. Statü oluşturulduğuda saldırı suçu Mahkeme'nin yargı yetkisi kapsamında görülmüşse de, suçun unsurlarının Statü'ye dahil edilmesi Gözden Geçirme Konferansı'na bırakılmıştır. 2010 yılında gerçekleşen Gözden Geçirme Konferansı'nda saldırı suçu üzerinde anlaşmaya varılmış ve bu konuda Statü'de gerekli değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Çalışma içerisinde ayrıca uluslararası hukuka göre, 1915 olaylarıyla ilgili Türkiye'nin soykırım suçundan dolayı sorumluluğuna gidilmesinin mümkün olamayacağı da ortaya konmuştur.
With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the academic interest on international criminal law and international crimes is eventually increasing. Although the historical development process of the birth of international criminal law is considered to be primarily started by the rules applied during armed conflicts, the main contribution is provided by the Nürnberg Trials occured during World War II. After these trials, which initiated personal crime responsibility, the topic once again took the interest of international community with the United Nations establishment of the courts in Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. These courts convicted the criminals several punishments using international criminal law, the convictions of the courts provided the elements of international criminal law. Again, the practice of these courts initiated the foundations of a permanent court and with the approval of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court is finally established. In this study, four main crime types in the fundamental document of the International Criminal Law, Rome Statute are analyzed. These crimes are, crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. During the establishment process of the Statute, crime of aggression is considered within the scope of judgement's authority. However, the inclusion of the elements of crime of aggression to the statute was postponed to the Review Conference. The Review Conference which was held in 2010, the subject of crime of aggression and its position in the Statute was agreed and later, the related changes were made in the Statute. The study also puts forth the impossiblity to hold Turkey responsible for crime of genocide about the cases of 1915 with the light of International Criminal Law considerations.
With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the academic interest on international criminal law and international crimes is eventually increasing. Although the historical development process of the birth of international criminal law is considered to be primarily started by the rules applied during armed conflicts, the main contribution is provided by the Nürnberg Trials occured during World War II. After these trials, which initiated personal crime responsibility, the topic once again took the interest of international community with the United Nations establishment of the courts in Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. These courts convicted the criminals several punishments using international criminal law, the convictions of the courts provided the elements of international criminal law. Again, the practice of these courts initiated the foundations of a permanent court and with the approval of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court is finally established. In this study, four main crime types in the fundamental document of the International Criminal Law, Rome Statute are analyzed. These crimes are, crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. During the establishment process of the Statute, crime of aggression is considered within the scope of judgement's authority. However, the inclusion of the elements of crime of aggression to the statute was postponed to the Review Conference. The Review Conference which was held in 2010, the subject of crime of aggression and its position in the Statute was agreed and later, the related changes were made in the Statute. The study also puts forth the impossiblity to hold Turkey responsible for crime of genocide about the cases of 1915 with the light of International Criminal Law considerations.