Publication: İslam hukukunda fikir ve sanat hukuku kavramı eser sahibinin eseri üzerindeki haklarının hukuki niteliği
Abstract
Fikrî hukuk ve alt dalı olan Fikir ve Sanat Hukuku, modern hukukta da yeni gelişen bir hukuk dalı olduğu gözönüne alındığında, uygulamadan kalkmış olan İslâm Hukuku'nda, bu hukuk dalının gelişememiş olması doğal karşılanmalıdır. Ancak, günümüzün en önemli konuları arasında yer alan fikri haklar, çağımız İslâm hukukçularının da gözünden kaçmamış ve bu konu üzerinde yeterli olmasa da, bir anahtar görevi yüklenecek çalışmalar yapmışlar ve yapmaktadırlar. İslâm hukuku, modern hukukta olduğu gibi, eser sahibinin eseri üzerindeki hakları tanıma ve himaye etme esnekliğine sahiptir. Araştırmamızdan, eser sahibinin manevi haklarının tanındığı, ancak klasik eserlerin kaleme alındığı dönemlerde henüz ortaya çıkmamış bulunan mali hakların, o günün şartları içerisinde ele alınarak incelenmediği; bununla beraber, günümüz ortamında mali hakların tanınabileceği sonucu çıkmaktadır. İslâm hukuku malları, maddi ve gayri maddi olarak sınıflandırmamasına rağmen, örfün mal olarak kabul ettiği şeyleri, İslâm'ın genel prensiplerine ters düşmemek kaydıyla mal olarak kabul etmektedir. Cumhura göre, gayri maddi nitelikli olan menfaatler de ayn (eşya) gibi mal kavramı içerisinde telakki edilirken, Hanefi hukukçular, menfaatleri mal kavramı dışında tutmuş; ancak menfaatlerin mülkiyetin konusu olabileceği konusunda cumhurla birlikte hareket etmiştir. Gayri maddi nitelikte olan fikrî ürününün, mal kavramı içerisinde addedilmesi, eser sahibinin eseri üzerinde konusu mal olan, mali bir hakkının bulunduğu sonucunu doğurur. Bu haklar inhisari nitelikte olup, sadece sahibine aittir ve üçüncü şahıslara karşı dermeyan edilebilir türdendir. Bu haklar, İslâm hukukunda mülkiyetin konusu olabileceğinden, sahibi bu haklardan iktisadi yönden faydalanabilir ve bir ivaz karşılığı başkalarına devredebilir. Ölümü halinde ise, bu haklar mirasçılarına geçer. Eser sahibinin mali haklarının süreyle sınırlanması zorunlu ise, İslâm hukuku bu sınırlamaya açıktır. Çünkü, menfaat mülkiyeti süreyle sınırlıdır.
It should be only natural that intllectual law and its subsection intellect and Art Law in İslamic Law, which is no longer applied, has not progressed considering that this is new subject matter in modern law, too. However, intellectual rights, wich are one of the most important concers in our day, have not been ignored by contemporary islamic jurists who have and are continuing to carry out studies, however insufficient, wich will prove to be a key element. İslamic law, as in modern law, has the flexibility to acknowledge and protect the rights of the artist regarding his work. From our research we can find that in the eras when classic work was produced the artists` intellectual rights were recognised, but material rights had not yet developed and were not considered in the ciscumstances of those periods; therefore we find that material rights can be acknowledged in today's circumstances. Although islamic law does not classify property as material or immaterial, it does accept as property that which is commonly seen as property, on condition that it conforms with general islamic principles. According to the mass public, immetarial interests are also consrued as property just like (belongings) however Hanafi jurists exclude such interests from the concept of property; nonetheless, they have shared the same view with the mass public that interests can be a part of property. When an immaterial intellectual product is seen as part of the property concept it results in the artist receiving property related material rights on his work. These are monopoly rights and therefore belong only to the owner and can be used against third parties. These rights give rise to the subject of property in islamic law and the owner can benfit from these rights economically and transfer such rights to others in exchange for an equivalent. In the instance of the owner`s death, these rights automatically transfer to his heirs. Islamic law is also able to allow for a time limitation if the artist is compelled to limit his material rights to a certain length of time, as the property of interests is also limited to a time period.
It should be only natural that intllectual law and its subsection intellect and Art Law in İslamic Law, which is no longer applied, has not progressed considering that this is new subject matter in modern law, too. However, intellectual rights, wich are one of the most important concers in our day, have not been ignored by contemporary islamic jurists who have and are continuing to carry out studies, however insufficient, wich will prove to be a key element. İslamic law, as in modern law, has the flexibility to acknowledge and protect the rights of the artist regarding his work. From our research we can find that in the eras when classic work was produced the artists` intellectual rights were recognised, but material rights had not yet developed and were not considered in the ciscumstances of those periods; therefore we find that material rights can be acknowledged in today's circumstances. Although islamic law does not classify property as material or immaterial, it does accept as property that which is commonly seen as property, on condition that it conforms with general islamic principles. According to the mass public, immetarial interests are also consrued as property just like (belongings) however Hanafi jurists exclude such interests from the concept of property; nonetheless, they have shared the same view with the mass public that interests can be a part of property. When an immaterial intellectual product is seen as part of the property concept it results in the artist receiving property related material rights on his work. These are monopoly rights and therefore belong only to the owner and can be used against third parties. These rights give rise to the subject of property in islamic law and the owner can benfit from these rights economically and transfer such rights to others in exchange for an equivalent. In the instance of the owner`s death, these rights automatically transfer to his heirs. Islamic law is also able to allow for a time limitation if the artist is compelled to limit his material rights to a certain length of time, as the property of interests is also limited to a time period.