Publication: Modern Fas romancısı 'Abdulkerim Ghallab ve romanlarında sömürge eleştirisi
Abstract
ÖZETBu çalışma ile Arap coğrafyasının en batı ucunda kalan Fas’ta sömürge döneminin romana yansımalarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, siyasî ve toplumsal olayların insan hayatının yanında edebi hayatı nasıl yönlendirdiği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere roman, toplumu en canlı yansıtan edebî türdür. Yazılan her roman, içinde bulunduğu dönemin kültürel, siyasî ve ekonomik yönlerine belirli ölçülerde yer verir. Arap romanı, doğduğu tarihten itibaren, toplumun hem siyasî hem sosyal problemlerinin eleştirilmesinde hem de bu problemlere çözüm arayışında önemli bir araç olmuştur. Abdülkerim Gallab, roman türünün Fas’taki öncülerindendir ve onun romanlarının ana temaları, Fas’ın sömürge yönetimi altında geçirdiği sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasî süreçler olmuştur. Bu sebeple Gallab’ın Seb’atu ebvâb (Yedi Kapı,1965), Defennâ’l-mâdî (Geçmişi Gömdük,1966) ve el-Muallim Ali (Ali Usta,1971) romanlarında sömürge etkisinin incelenmesine karar verilmiştir. Tezin ilk bölümünde Fas’ın siyasî ve edebî arka planına ilişkin tarihçeye, Fas romanı ilk örnekleri ve temsilcilerine ve Gallab’ın biyografisine yer verilmiştir. Tezin ikinci bölümünde ise romanların kısaca tanıtımı yapılmış, özetleri verilmiş ve sömürge bağlamında çeşitli konular altında incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Bahsi geçen konuların; sömürge yönetiminin uygulama ve dayatmaları, yargı ve hapis cezaları, işkenceler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı saptanmıştır. Gallab’ın incelemeye tâbi tuttuğumuz üç romanı Seb’atu ebvâb, Defennâ’l-mâdi ve el-Muallim Ali yazarın milli duygular eşliğinde gerçekçi ve sade üslubuyla kaleme aldığı, sömürge sonrası roman örneklerinin başarılı birer örneğidir. İkinci bölümde romanların her biri kendi konu bütünlüğüne uygun başlıklar altında üç bölümde ele alınmıştır. Yazar, Fransız sömürge yönetiminin sorunlu yönetimi, yargı ve ekonomi politikalarını eleştirmiş, bunların yanında Faslı vatanseverlerin içte ve dışta verdikleri mücadele üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Gallab, üç romanında ele aldığı farklı sosyal sınıflardaki tiplemelerle o dönemde yaşanan olayları tüm gerçekliğiyle aktarmıştır. İnceleme esnasında roman karakterleri ve yazar arasında bağlar kurulmuş, yazarın kişiliği ve olayları ifade şekli göz önünde bulundurularak dönem hakkında çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to examine the reflections of the colonial period on novels in Morocco the westernmost part of the Arab region. Further, it tries to show how political and social events influence not only human life but also the literature. It is well known that the novel as a genre reflects the society most vividly. Each written novel includes certain aspects of the cultural, political, and economic aspects of its period. Arab novel, since its inception, has been an important instrument in both criticizing the political and social problems of society and looking for solutions to these problems. Abulkarim Ghallab is one of the pioneers of the novel genre in Morocco and the main themes of his novels are the social, economic and political developments that Morocco has under colonial rule. That is the reason why this study examines the colonial influence of Ghallab in his novels namely Sab’atu abvâb (Seven Gates,1965), Dafannâ’l-mâdî (We Buried the Past,1966), and al-Muallim Ali (Master Ali,1971).The first chapter of the dissertation includes background information regarding the history of the political and literature of Morocco, the first examples and representatives of the Moroccan novel, and the biography of Ghallab. In the second chapter, the novels are briefly introduced, summaries are presented and various topics in the colonial context are investigated. It is determined that implementations and impositions of the colonial administration concentrated on the judicial and imprisonment sentences and torture. The three novels of Ghallab, Sab‘atu abvâb, Dafanna’l-mâdi, and al-Muallim Ali, which we have examined, are successful examples of post-colonial novels written by the author in realistic and plain style accompanied by national sentiments.In the second chapter, each of the novels is discussed in three chapters under titles in accordance with subject integrity. The author criticized the problematic administration, judicial and economic policies of the French colonial administration, and also focused on the struggle of Moroccan patriots inside and outside. Ghallab portrays the events in that period with all its reality trough characters from different social classes. In this study, by forging a link between the author and his novel characters, and considering the personality traits of the author along with his style of expressing the events, we presented certain deductions about the period in question.
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to examine the reflections of the colonial period on novels in Morocco the westernmost part of the Arab region. Further, it tries to show how political and social events influence not only human life but also the literature. It is well known that the novel as a genre reflects the society most vividly. Each written novel includes certain aspects of the cultural, political, and economic aspects of its period. Arab novel, since its inception, has been an important instrument in both criticizing the political and social problems of society and looking for solutions to these problems. Abulkarim Ghallab is one of the pioneers of the novel genre in Morocco and the main themes of his novels are the social, economic and political developments that Morocco has under colonial rule. That is the reason why this study examines the colonial influence of Ghallab in his novels namely Sab’atu abvâb (Seven Gates,1965), Dafannâ’l-mâdî (We Buried the Past,1966), and al-Muallim Ali (Master Ali,1971).The first chapter of the dissertation includes background information regarding the history of the political and literature of Morocco, the first examples and representatives of the Moroccan novel, and the biography of Ghallab. In the second chapter, the novels are briefly introduced, summaries are presented and various topics in the colonial context are investigated. It is determined that implementations and impositions of the colonial administration concentrated on the judicial and imprisonment sentences and torture. The three novels of Ghallab, Sab‘atu abvâb, Dafanna’l-mâdi, and al-Muallim Ali, which we have examined, are successful examples of post-colonial novels written by the author in realistic and plain style accompanied by national sentiments.In the second chapter, each of the novels is discussed in three chapters under titles in accordance with subject integrity. The author criticized the problematic administration, judicial and economic policies of the French colonial administration, and also focused on the struggle of Moroccan patriots inside and outside. Ghallab portrays the events in that period with all its reality trough characters from different social classes. In this study, by forging a link between the author and his novel characters, and considering the personality traits of the author along with his style of expressing the events, we presented certain deductions about the period in question.
Description
Keywords
Abdulkarim Ghallab, Abdülkerim Gallab, Arabic language, Arap dili, colonial rule, criticism on colonial rule, Fas, Fas romanı, Fas’ın sosyolojik durumu, France, Fransa, Islam, İslam, modern Fas romanı, modern Moroccan novel, Moroccan novel, Morocco, sömürge eleştirisi, sömürge yönetimi, the sociology of Morocco
