Publication: Ronald Dworkin’in haklar teorisi
Abstract
Ronald Dworkin’in haklar teorisi Ronald Myles Dworkin, çağdaş hukuk felsefesinde en etkili hukukçulardan biri olarak yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada Dworkin’in insan onuru ile temellendirilen haklar teorisi incelenecektir. Bu kapsamda, düşünürün ‘koz olarak haklar’ ve ‘eşit ilgi ve saygı ilkesi’ çerçevesinde ortaya koyduğu haklar tezinin kuramsal ve pratik çerçevesini incelemek çalışmanın temel hedefini oluşturmaktadır. Dworkin’in insan onuru, politik eşitlik, bireyin ahlaki özerkliği ile inşa ettiği teorisi, hakların temellendirilmesi açısından kapsamlı ve zengin bir tartışma alanı sunmaktadır. Düşünür, hakların öncelenmesini politik meşruiyetle ilişkilendirerek bireyin hukuk karşısında korunması gereken ahlaki değerine dayanan normatif bir temel oluşturmayı amaçlamıştır. Hak kavramı, tarihsel olarak kolektif ve hiyerarşik bir anlamdan, insan onuru ve bireysel özerklik ile temellendirilen bir anlama evrilmiştir. Özellikle modern düşünceden sonra, 1970’lerde insan hakları söylemi, sosyal ve politik olarak bir kült haline gelmiştir. Bu dönem genel olarak insan haklarının zirve yaptığı nokta olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bu yükseliş çok uzun sürmemiş 2000’li yıllarda kolektif fayda ve kamu güvenliği merkezli politikalar insan haklarına karşı tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu dönüşüm, insan haklarının ahlaki ve hukuki statüsü ile politik karar organları arasında bir gerilim oluşturmuş ve bu çatışma giderek artmaktadır. Dworkin’in haklar teorisi, bu politikalara karşı insan haklarının konumu açısından önemli bir referans noktası oluşturmaya devam etmektedir. Dworkin’in haklar teorisi, koz olarak haklar ve eşit ilgi ve saygı hakkı olmak üzere iki dayanak noktası üzerinden inşa edilmiştir. Düşünür, koz olarak haklar yaklaşımı ile hakları, hukuki ve politik karar alma süreçlerinde etkin bir politik özne olarak tanımlamıştır. Hakları ‘üstün kart’ olarak konumlandıran teorinin etik temelini ise eşit ilgi ve saygı hakkı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle; hak kavramının tarihsel evrimi, klasik doğal hukuk teorilerinden modern insan hakları düşüncesine uzanan çizgide değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çerçevede antik dönem, orta çağ ve modern dönemden çeşitli düşünürlerin hak ve adalet anlayışları karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Devam eden ikinci bölümde, Dworkin’in haklar teorisinin temel kavramları, hak kavramının tanımı ve kapsamı ile koz olarak haklar ilkesi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise eşit ilgi ve saygı hakkı, düşünürün hak temelli eşitlik ve adalet teorileri ile haklar tezinin liberal çoğulculuk ve anayasal demokrasiyle kurduğu teorik bağlam ortaya konmuştur.
Ronald Dworkin’s theory of rights Ronald Myles Dworkin has been recognized as one of the most influential figures in contemporary legal philosophy. This study examines Dworkin’s theory of rights, which is grounded in the concept of human dignity. The primary objective is to explore the theoretical and practical framework of Dworkin’s thesis on rights, particularly through his concepts of rights as trumps and the right to equal concern and respect. Dworkin’s theory, built upon human dignity, political equality, and the moral autonomy of the individual, offers a comprehensive and rich domain for the justification of rights. He aims to establish a normative foundation based on the intrinsic value of the individual that must be protected against legal authority, linking the prioritization of rights with political legitimacy. Historically, the concept of rights has evolved from a communitarian and hierarchical understanding to one rooted in human dignity and individual autonomy. Especially following the rise of modern thought, the discourse on human rights became a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s, a period widely regarded as the apex of human rights. However, this momentum did not last long; by the 2000s, it had given way to security-oriented and collective benefit-driven policies. This shift has created a growing tension between the moral and legal status of human rights and the decisions of political authorities. In this context, Dworkin’s liberal egalitarian theory of rights continues to serve as a significant point of reference for the position of human rights in opposition to such policies. Dworkin’s theory of rights is built upon two foundational pillars: rights as trumps and the right to equal concern and respect. Through the rights-as-trumps approach conceptualized rights as making the individual an active political agent within legal and political decision-making processes. The ethical foundation of the theory, which positions rights as a “superior card,” is the right to equal concern and respect. In the study, the historical evolution of the concept of rights is first evaluated along a trajectory extending from classical natural law theories to modern human rights thought. Within this framework, the understandings of rights and justice developed by various thinkers from antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern era are analyzed comparatively. In the second section, the fundamental concepts of Dworkin’s theory of rights, including the definition and scope of the concept of rights and the principle of rights as trumps, are examined. In the final section of the study, the right to equal concern and respect, the thinker’s rights-based theories of equality and justice, and the theoretical context his rights thesis establishes with liberal pluralism and constitutional democracy are presented.
Ronald Dworkin’s theory of rights Ronald Myles Dworkin has been recognized as one of the most influential figures in contemporary legal philosophy. This study examines Dworkin’s theory of rights, which is grounded in the concept of human dignity. The primary objective is to explore the theoretical and practical framework of Dworkin’s thesis on rights, particularly through his concepts of rights as trumps and the right to equal concern and respect. Dworkin’s theory, built upon human dignity, political equality, and the moral autonomy of the individual, offers a comprehensive and rich domain for the justification of rights. He aims to establish a normative foundation based on the intrinsic value of the individual that must be protected against legal authority, linking the prioritization of rights with political legitimacy. Historically, the concept of rights has evolved from a communitarian and hierarchical understanding to one rooted in human dignity and individual autonomy. Especially following the rise of modern thought, the discourse on human rights became a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s, a period widely regarded as the apex of human rights. However, this momentum did not last long; by the 2000s, it had given way to security-oriented and collective benefit-driven policies. This shift has created a growing tension between the moral and legal status of human rights and the decisions of political authorities. In this context, Dworkin’s liberal egalitarian theory of rights continues to serve as a significant point of reference for the position of human rights in opposition to such policies. Dworkin’s theory of rights is built upon two foundational pillars: rights as trumps and the right to equal concern and respect. Through the rights-as-trumps approach conceptualized rights as making the individual an active political agent within legal and political decision-making processes. The ethical foundation of the theory, which positions rights as a “superior card,” is the right to equal concern and respect. In the study, the historical evolution of the concept of rights is first evaluated along a trajectory extending from classical natural law theories to modern human rights thought. Within this framework, the understandings of rights and justice developed by various thinkers from antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern era are analyzed comparatively. In the second section, the fundamental concepts of Dworkin’s theory of rights, including the definition and scope of the concept of rights and the principle of rights as trumps, are examined. In the final section of the study, the right to equal concern and respect, the thinker’s rights-based theories of equality and justice, and the theoretical context his rights thesis establishes with liberal pluralism and constitutional democracy are presented.
Description
Keywords
Ahlaki Haklar, Concept of Rights, Doğal Haklar, Dworkin, Ronald, 1931-2013, Equality, Eşit İlgi ve Saygı Hakkı, Eşitlik, Felsefe, Hak Kavramı, Hakimler, Hukuk, Hukuki Haklar, Human Rights, İnsan Hakları Ronald Dworkin, İsviçre, Judges, Law, Legal Rights, Moral Rights, Natural Rights, Philosophy, Right as Trumps, Right to Equal Concern and Respect, Rights as Trumps, Ronald Dworkin, Switzerland
