Publication: Cumhuriyet dönemi tarih ders kitaplarında Sultan II. Abdülhamit imajı
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, yakın tarihimizin tartışmalı aktörlerinden biri olan Sultan II. Abdülhamit’in Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarih ders kitaplarındaki imajını ortaya koymak ve bu imajın zaman içerisinde bir değişime uğrayıp-uğramadığını saptamaktır. Bu çerçevede, cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan günümüze kadar uzanan süreç içerisinde yayımlanan ortaöğretim tarih ders kitapları incelenmiştir. Araştırmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İncelenen ders kitapları 1930’lu yıllardan başlayıp 2010’lu yıllara kadar uzanan bir zaman dilimi içerisinden seçilmiştir. Tarih ders kitaplarından elde edilen veriler, Türk Tarih Tezi Öncesi Dönemi, Türk Tarih Tezi Dönemi, Türk İslam Sentezi Dönemi ve Pedagojik Dönem olmak üzere 4 temel kategori ışığında incelenmiştir. Çalışma; ‘‘Giriş’’, ‘‘Alan Yazın’’, ‘‘Yöntem’’, ‘‘Bulgular ve Yorum’’, ‘‘Sonuç, Tartışma ve Öneriler’’ olmak üzere toplamda 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Alan Yazın bölümünde; Tarih Öğretimi ve Tarih Ders Kitapları, Cumhuriyet Döneminde Tarih Öğretimi ve Tarih Ders Kitaplarının Evrimi, İlgili Araştırmalar konuları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonucunda, tarih ders kitaplarındaki Sultan II. Abdülhamit imajının Türk Tarih Tezi Öncesi Dönemde negatif olduğu ve bu negatifliğin derecesinin Türk Tarih Tezi Dönemi’nde artarak devam ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Her iki dönemde II. Abdülhamit, gerici, başarısız ve hürriyet karşıtı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Türk İslam Sentezi Dönemi’nde ise söylemin belirgin bir şekilde yumuşadığı görülmüştür. Bu dönemde, bahsi geçen dönemlerin aksine II. Abdülhamit’in anayasal sistemi ortadan kaldırmasının gerekliliği ortaya koyulmuş, dış politikada başarılı olduğunun altı çizilmiştir. Pedagojik dönemde ise, bu durum devam etmekle beraber Sultan Hamit, eğitime, kültüre, Müslümanlara ve Türklere önem veren bir padişah olarak resmedilmiştir. Öte yandan her dönemde Sultan Hamit’in otoriterlikle ülkeyi yönettiği belirtilmiştir.
The aim of this study is to reveal, one of the most controversial figures of our recent history, Sultan II. Abdülhamit's image in the history textbooks of the Republic of Turkey and to determine whether this image has undergone a change over time. . In this context, secondary education textbooks published in the process from the founding of the Republic to the present day have been examined. Rhetoric and document analysis and techniques have been used in this research. The textbooks which have been researched have been selected from a period of time starting from 1930 to 2010. The data obtained from the history textbooks have been analyzed under four main categories: The Pre-Turkish historical thesis, The Turkish historical thesis, The Turkish Islamic Synthesis and the Pedagogical period. The study consists of 5 sections; ‘Introduction’, ‘Field Literature , ‘Method’, ‘Findings and Comments’, ‘Conclusions, Discussion and Suggestions’. In Field Literature Section; History Teaching and History Textbooks, in Republican period; History Teaching and The Evolution Of History Textbooks and related research topics are focused on. As a result of the research, Sultan II. Abdülhamit's image in the history textbooks has been determined to be negative in the pre-history period of Turkish history and that the degree of this negativity continued to increase during the Turkish historical thesis period. In these two periods Abdülhamit II was defined as reactionary, unsuccessful and anti-freedom. In the period of Turkish Islamic synthesis, it has been observed that the discourse was clearly softening. In this period, contrary to the periods mentioned, It was revealed that it was necessary to eliminate the constitutional system of Abdulhamit II and underlined that it was successful in foreign policy. In the Pedagogical period, although this situation continues, Sultan Hamit was depicted as a Sultan who cared about education, culture, Muslims and Turks. On the other hand, during all periods, it was stated that Sultan Hamit ruled the country with authoritarianism.
The aim of this study is to reveal, one of the most controversial figures of our recent history, Sultan II. Abdülhamit's image in the history textbooks of the Republic of Turkey and to determine whether this image has undergone a change over time. . In this context, secondary education textbooks published in the process from the founding of the Republic to the present day have been examined. Rhetoric and document analysis and techniques have been used in this research. The textbooks which have been researched have been selected from a period of time starting from 1930 to 2010. The data obtained from the history textbooks have been analyzed under four main categories: The Pre-Turkish historical thesis, The Turkish historical thesis, The Turkish Islamic Synthesis and the Pedagogical period. The study consists of 5 sections; ‘Introduction’, ‘Field Literature , ‘Method’, ‘Findings and Comments’, ‘Conclusions, Discussion and Suggestions’. In Field Literature Section; History Teaching and History Textbooks, in Republican period; History Teaching and The Evolution Of History Textbooks and related research topics are focused on. As a result of the research, Sultan II. Abdülhamit's image in the history textbooks has been determined to be negative in the pre-history period of Turkish history and that the degree of this negativity continued to increase during the Turkish historical thesis period. In these two periods Abdülhamit II was defined as reactionary, unsuccessful and anti-freedom. In the period of Turkish Islamic synthesis, it has been observed that the discourse was clearly softening. In this period, contrary to the periods mentioned, It was revealed that it was necessary to eliminate the constitutional system of Abdulhamit II and underlined that it was successful in foreign policy. In the Pedagogical period, although this situation continues, Sultan Hamit was depicted as a Sultan who cared about education, culture, Muslims and Turks. On the other hand, during all periods, it was stated that Sultan Hamit ruled the country with authoritarianism.