Publication: İslam hukukunda müste’men (yabancılar) hukuku (Dört Halife dönemi)
Abstract
Tarihin ilk çağlarında hukuk dışı muameleye maruz kalan yabancılar, milletlerin birbiriyle olan münasebetlerinin gelişmesine paralel olarak bir takım haklara kavuşmuşlardır. Yabancıların hukûkî durumunun değişmesi, siyasi ve ekonomik olaylar sonrasında meydana gelmiş, yabancılar hukukunun ortaya çıkması ve gelişmesi ise ancak 19. yy.da söz konusu olmuştur. İslam'ın ilk ortaya çıktığı devirlerde İslâm ülkesindeki yabancı ülke vatandaşlarının statüleri ve hukûkî durumları özellikle batılılar tarafından merak edilen bir konudur. Müslümanların yabancılara yaklaşımını öğrenebilmek için, fıkıh kitaplarında kendisinden söz edilen müste'men kavramının iyi incelenmesi gerekmektedir. İslam alimleri, müste'menin İslâm ülkesindeki hukûkî durumunu eserlerinde incelemiş, emân akdi ile ilgili birçok meseleyi tartışmıştır. Sözlük anlamı kendisine emân verilen kişi demek olan müste'men, hukûkî terim olarak vatan edinme ve ikamet niyeti olmaksızın, başka bir ülkeye izin alarak giriş yapan yabancı ülke vatandaşı karşılığında kullanılmıştır. Emân kelimesi ise, ülkede bulunduğu müddetçe yabancıya can, mal, namus vb. konularda güvence vermeyi ifade etmektedir. İslâm, yabancı gayrimüslimlerin İslâm ülkesine giriş-çıkışını ve hatta orada yaşamalarını, prensip olarak emân akdi sebebiyle kabul etmektedir. Allâh Teâlâ, Ey Muhammed! Müşriklerden biri senden emân dilerse, onu emniyet altına al ki, Allâh'ın kelamını dinlesin. Sonra onu güven içinde bulunacağı yere ulaştır. Çünkü onlar hakkı bilmeyen bir topluluktur. (et-Tevbe 9/ 6) buyurmuştur. İslâm alimleri, bu âyet-i kerimeye dayanarak İslâm yurduna gelmek isteyen gayrimüslimlerin gerekli vecibeleri yerine getirmek şartıyla bulunabileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Müslümanlar, emân dileyen ve ülkeye girmek isteyen herkese kucak açmaya çalışmışlardır. Devlet başkanları, casusluk yapmamak, ülkede karışıklık çıkartmamak ve dini değerlere saldırmamak şartıyla yabancılara her türlü güveni sağlamaya çalışmıştır. İslâm Hukukunda Müstemen (Yabancılar) Hukuku ismini verdiğimiz bu tez, giriş ve iki bölümden oluşmaktadır: Giriş bölümünde konuyla ilgili kavramlar incelenmiş, tarihte yabancıların hukûkî durumu ve günümüz pozitif hukuk sistemlerinde yabancılar hukuku hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İslâm'ın devletler arası münasebetlere bakışı ve yabancı ülke vatandaşına yaklaşım tarzı anlatılmış, pozitif hukuk ile İslâm hukuku arasında mukayeseler yapılmıştır. Birinci bölümünde emân akdinin özellikleri üstünde durulmuş ve muvakkat emân çeşitleri hakkında bilgi sunulmuştur. Hukukların tedrîcî gelişmesi göz önünde tutularak câhiliyye dönemine değinilmiş, örnek olması açısından Hz. Peygamber (sav) döneminde emân akdi ile ilgili uygulamalar üstünde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde müste'menin İslâm ülkesine girişine ve ikametindeki hukukî durumuna değinilmiş, müste'menin temel hak ve hürriyetlerinin neler olduğu konusunda bilgi verilmiş ve İslâm ülkesinden çıkarılmasına etki eden âmiller incelenmiştir.
In the first era of the history, foreign be exposed to out of legal, they have some rights with development of relationship between the nations. Their law's position was changed according to social and economical events and this legal began and developed in 19th century. When the fist period of Islam, western nations was wondering, how was foreign people citizen's statu and legal station in the Islam's nations. It can learn how's Muslim people closed foreign people, it must examine the muste'men word in the fiqh books. Scholars of Islam had examined about position of the Islam nations legal in their books and they discussed all the problems about eman contract. Muste'men is who was given eman and it's transmit on the legal who foreign nation citizen want to stay another country without resident. On the other hand, eman means, if foreign nations people stay another country, government have to confidence them about honour, life, goods etc. Islam accept foreign people to stay Islam's nations, according the eman. Allah says If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah, and than escort, him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge (at-Tauba 9/ 6) According to this verse of the Quran, Islam scholar explained if they want to stay Islam nation, they have to obey rule. Muslim's people opened their arms to foreign people who wanted to came their country. If they don't make spy, and don't atact the religion Islam president provide the confidence for them. This thises has introduction and two part. At the introduction, some concept was examined into the the subject, legal position of foreign, present law systems was given knowledge about foreign law in the hstory. In this part was explained relationship between Islam countries and foreign country's citizen. Also we can see comparison between positive law and Islam law. In the first part has eman contract's features and some kind of provisional eman, and was mentioned ignorant period. And there was some examples from Muhammed (sas) period about eman contract. The second part about muste'men. How was they came Islam countries, how was their positive legal in residential, how was their rights and independent. And Why some muste'men was out of the Islam countries and what was it caused?
In the first era of the history, foreign be exposed to out of legal, they have some rights with development of relationship between the nations. Their law's position was changed according to social and economical events and this legal began and developed in 19th century. When the fist period of Islam, western nations was wondering, how was foreign people citizen's statu and legal station in the Islam's nations. It can learn how's Muslim people closed foreign people, it must examine the muste'men word in the fiqh books. Scholars of Islam had examined about position of the Islam nations legal in their books and they discussed all the problems about eman contract. Muste'men is who was given eman and it's transmit on the legal who foreign nation citizen want to stay another country without resident. On the other hand, eman means, if foreign nations people stay another country, government have to confidence them about honour, life, goods etc. Islam accept foreign people to stay Islam's nations, according the eman. Allah says If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah, and than escort, him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge (at-Tauba 9/ 6) According to this verse of the Quran, Islam scholar explained if they want to stay Islam nation, they have to obey rule. Muslim's people opened their arms to foreign people who wanted to came their country. If they don't make spy, and don't atact the religion Islam president provide the confidence for them. This thises has introduction and two part. At the introduction, some concept was examined into the the subject, legal position of foreign, present law systems was given knowledge about foreign law in the hstory. In this part was explained relationship between Islam countries and foreign country's citizen. Also we can see comparison between positive law and Islam law. In the first part has eman contract's features and some kind of provisional eman, and was mentioned ignorant period. And there was some examples from Muhammed (sas) period about eman contract. The second part about muste'men. How was they came Islam countries, how was their positive legal in residential, how was their rights and independent. And Why some muste'men was out of the Islam countries and what was it caused?