Publication: Atatürk dönemi’nde toplumsal olaylar ve güvenlik önlemleri
Abstract
Türkiye’de 1923–1938 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen toplumsal olaylar sayıca çok fazla değildir. Ancak sonuçları itibariyle oldukça önemlidir. Gerçekleştirilen toplumsal olayların ortak niteliği yapıldıkları dönemin özellikleri taşıyor olmalarıdır. Örgütlü bir şekilde yapılması ile somut sonuçlar alınmak istenmiştir. Bu dönemde yapılan eylemleri üç ana bölüme ayırmak mümkündür. Birincisi sivil toplum kuruluşu adı verilen birliklerin gerçekleştirdiği sosyal eylemler, ikincisi siyasal partilerin gerçekleştirdiği muhalefet mitingleri, üçüncüsü ise çok boyutlu kitlesel şiddet hareketleridir. Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının yaptığı toplumsal olaylarda milli duygular etkili rol oynamış ve daha çok iktidar ile uyumlu fikirlerden doğmuştur. Siyasal parti mitingi olarak yapılan tek gösteri o dönemin önemli bir muhalefeti olarak planlanan Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırka’nın İzmir Mitingi’dir. Bu miting büyük taşkınlıklar ile güvenlik zafiyetinin doğduğu bir miting olarak değerlendirilebilir. Kitlesel şiddet hareketleri ise toplumsal olayların en ciddi olanıdır. Silahlı bir şekilde isyan veya ayaklanma niteliği taşırlar. Başlıcaları Şeyh Said, Menemen ve Dersim Olaylarıdır. Gerçekleştirilen her toplumsal olaya devlet aynı tavrı almamıştır. Kendi görüşüne yakın olanlara karşı daha ılımlı davranırken, iktidarına ve rejime tehdit oluşturanlara karşı da sert tedbirlere başvurmuştur. Alınan güvenlik önlemleri de bu tavır doğrultusunda gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak henüz yeni teşkilatlanmış bir kolluk gücü bulunduğundan, profesyonellik gerektiren kitle olaylarında tam olarak etkili bir güvenlik önlemi alındığı söylenemez.
Social events happened in Turkey between 1923 and 1938 were not large in number, however, they were exceptionally important in terms of their results. One common feature of these social events was that they reflected the social aspects of the epoch during these events. These events were organized to get the intended solid results. These events can be categorized under three subgroups: First one is the events organized by NGOs, the second one is the events organized by political parties that were in opposition, and the last one is multidimensional mass violence movements. In the events organized by NGOs, nationalistic sentiments played an effective role, and they were supportive of the state. The only example of political events was Izmir Meeting organized by Free Republic Party to protest the government. This incident suffered from vast public demonstrations and weak security. Mass movements are the most dangerous social events. These were like a rebellion of armed groups against the state. Main examples are Menemen, Dersim and Şeyh Said movements. The state did not use the same attitude against every movement. It was more tolerant to the movements that were supportive of the state, while it used severe measures to those that were perceived as a threat to the state and the regime. Security measures used against these movements were designed in a similar manner. Due to newly established security forces at that time, it was not possible to take effective security measures since social event security requires professionalism and experience.
Social events happened in Turkey between 1923 and 1938 were not large in number, however, they were exceptionally important in terms of their results. One common feature of these social events was that they reflected the social aspects of the epoch during these events. These events were organized to get the intended solid results. These events can be categorized under three subgroups: First one is the events organized by NGOs, the second one is the events organized by political parties that were in opposition, and the last one is multidimensional mass violence movements. In the events organized by NGOs, nationalistic sentiments played an effective role, and they were supportive of the state. The only example of political events was Izmir Meeting organized by Free Republic Party to protest the government. This incident suffered from vast public demonstrations and weak security. Mass movements are the most dangerous social events. These were like a rebellion of armed groups against the state. Main examples are Menemen, Dersim and Şeyh Said movements. The state did not use the same attitude against every movement. It was more tolerant to the movements that were supportive of the state, while it used severe measures to those that were perceived as a threat to the state and the regime. Security measures used against these movements were designed in a similar manner. Due to newly established security forces at that time, it was not possible to take effective security measures since social event security requires professionalism and experience.